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add idl4k kernel firmware version 1.13.0.105

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Jaroslav Kysela
2015-03-26 17:22:37 +01:00
parent 5194d2792e
commit e9070cdc77
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00-INDEX
- this file: info on the kernel build process
kbuild.txt
- developer information on kbuild
kconfig.txt
- usage help for make *config
kconfig-language.txt
- specification of Config Language, the language in Kconfig files
makefiles.txt
- developer information for linux kernel makefiles
modules.txt
- how to build modules and to install them

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Environment variables
KCPPFLAGS
--------------------------------------------------
Additional options to pass when preprocessing. The preprocessing options
will be used in all cases where kbuild does preprocessing including
building C files and assembler files.
KAFLAGS
--------------------------------------------------
Additional options to the assembler.
KCFLAGS
--------------------------------------------------
Additional options to the C compiler.
KBUILD_VERBOSE
--------------------------------------------------
Set the kbuild verbosity. Can be assigned same values as "V=...".
See make help for the full list.
Setting "V=..." takes precedence over KBUILD_VERBOSE.
KBUILD_EXTMOD
--------------------------------------------------
Set the directory to look for the kernel source when building external
modules.
The directory can be specified in several ways:
1) Use "M=..." on the command line
2) Environmnet variable KBUILD_EXTMOD
3) Environmnet variable SUBDIRS
The possibilities are listed in the order they take precedence.
Using "M=..." will always override the others.
KBUILD_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------
Specify the output directory when building the kernel.
The output directory can also be specificed using "O=...".
Setting "O=..." takes precedence over KBUILD_OUTPUT.
ARCH
--------------------------------------------------
Set ARCH to the architecture to be built.
In most cases the name of the architecture is the same as the
directory name found in the arch/ directory.
But some architectures such as x86 and sparc have aliases.
x86: i386 for 32 bit, x86_64 for 64 bit
sparc: sparc for 32 bit, sparc64 for 64 bit
CROSS_COMPILE
--------------------------------------------------
Specify an optional fixed part of the binutils filename.
CROSS_COMPILE can be a part of the filename or the full path.
CROSS_COMPILE is also used for ccache is some setups.
CF
--------------------------------------------------
Additional options for sparse.
CF is often used on the command-line like this:
make CF=-Wbitwise C=2
INSTALL_PATH
--------------------------------------------------
INSTALL_PATH specifies where to place the updated kernel and system map
images. Default is /boot, but you can set it to other values.
INSTALLKERNEL
--------------------------------------------------
Install script called when using "make install".
The default name is "installkernel".
The script will be called with the following arguments:
$1 - kernel version
$2 - kernel image file
$3 - kernel map file
$4 - default install path (use root directory if blank)
The implmentation of "make install" is architecture specific
and it may differ from the above.
INSTALLKERNEL is provided to enable the possibility to
specify a custom installer when cross compiling a kernel.
MODLIB
--------------------------------------------------
Specify where to install modules.
The default value is:
$(INSTALL_MOD_PATH)/lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)
The value can be overridden in which case the default value is ignored.
INSTALL_MOD_PATH
--------------------------------------------------
INSTALL_MOD_PATH specifies a prefix to MODLIB for module directory
relocations required by build roots. This is not defined in the
makefile but the argument can be passed to make if needed.
INSTALL_MOD_STRIP
--------------------------------------------------
INSTALL_MOD_STRIP, if defined, will cause modules to be
stripped after they are installed. If INSTALL_MOD_STRIP is '1', then
the default option --strip-debug will be used. Otherwise,
INSTALL_MOD_STRIP will used as the options to the strip command.
INSTALL_FW_PATH
--------------------------------------------------
INSTALL_FW_PATH specifies where to install the firmware blobs.
The default value is:
$(INSTALL_MOD_PATH)/lib/firmware
The value can be overridden in which case the default value is ignored.
INSTALL_HDR_PATH
--------------------------------------------------
INSTALL_HDR_PATH specifies where to install user space headers when
executing "make headers_*".
The default value is:
$(objtree)/usr
$(objtree) is the directory where output files are saved.
The output directory is often set using "O=..." on the commandline.
The value can be overridden in which case the default value is ignored.
KBUILD_MODPOST_WARN
--------------------------------------------------
KBUILD_MODPOST_WARN can be set to avoid errors in case of undefined
symbols in the final module linking stage. It changes such errors
into warnings.
KBUILD_MODPOST_NOFINAL
--------------------------------------------------
KBUILD_MODPOST_NOFINAL can be set to skip the final link of modules.
This is solely useful to speed up test compiles.
KBUILD_EXTRA_SYMBOLS
--------------------------------------------------
For modules that use symbols from other modules.
See more details in modules.txt.
ALLSOURCE_ARCHS
--------------------------------------------------
For tags/TAGS/cscope targets, you can specify more than one arch
to be included in the databases, separated by blank space. E.g.:
$ make ALLSOURCE_ARCHS="x86 mips arm" tags

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Introduction
------------
The configuration database is a collection of configuration options
organized in a tree structure:
+- Code maturity level options
| +- Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
+- General setup
| +- Networking support
| +- System V IPC
| +- BSD Process Accounting
| +- Sysctl support
+- Loadable module support
| +- Enable loadable module support
| +- Set version information on all module symbols
| +- Kernel module loader
+- ...
Every entry has its own dependencies. These dependencies are used
to determine the visibility of an entry. Any child entry is only
visible if its parent entry is also visible.
Menu entries
------------
Most entries define a config option; all other entries help to organize
them. A single configuration option is defined like this:
config MODVERSIONS
bool "Set version information on all module symbols"
depends on MODULES
help
Usually, modules have to be recompiled whenever you switch to a new
kernel. ...
Every line starts with a key word and can be followed by multiple
arguments. "config" starts a new config entry. The following lines
define attributes for this config option. Attributes can be the type of
the config option, input prompt, dependencies, help text and default
values. A config option can be defined multiple times with the same
name, but every definition can have only a single input prompt and the
type must not conflict.
Menu attributes
---------------
A menu entry can have a number of attributes. Not all of them are
applicable everywhere (see syntax).
- type definition: "bool"/"tristate"/"string"/"hex"/"int"
Every config option must have a type. There are only two basic types:
tristate and string; the other types are based on these two. The type
definition optionally accepts an input prompt, so these two examples
are equivalent:
bool "Networking support"
and
bool
prompt "Networking support"
- input prompt: "prompt" <prompt> ["if" <expr>]
Every menu entry can have at most one prompt, which is used to display
to the user. Optionally dependencies only for this prompt can be added
with "if".
- default value: "default" <expr> ["if" <expr>]
A config option can have any number of default values. If multiple
default values are visible, only the first defined one is active.
Default values are not limited to the menu entry where they are
defined. This means the default can be defined somewhere else or be
overridden by an earlier definition.
The default value is only assigned to the config symbol if no other
value was set by the user (via the input prompt above). If an input
prompt is visible the default value is presented to the user and can
be overridden by him.
Optionally, dependencies only for this default value can be added with
"if".
- type definition + default value:
"def_bool"/"def_tristate" <expr> ["if" <expr>]
This is a shorthand notation for a type definition plus a value.
Optionally dependencies for this default value can be added with "if".
- dependencies: "depends on" <expr>
This defines a dependency for this menu entry. If multiple
dependencies are defined, they are connected with '&&'. Dependencies
are applied to all other options within this menu entry (which also
accept an "if" expression), so these two examples are equivalent:
bool "foo" if BAR
default y if BAR
and
depends on BAR
bool "foo"
default y
- reverse dependencies: "select" <symbol> ["if" <expr>]
While normal dependencies reduce the upper limit of a symbol (see
below), reverse dependencies can be used to force a lower limit of
another symbol. The value of the current menu symbol is used as the
minimal value <symbol> can be set to. If <symbol> is selected multiple
times, the limit is set to the largest selection.
Reverse dependencies can only be used with boolean or tristate
symbols.
Note:
select should be used with care. select will force
a symbol to a value without visiting the dependencies.
By abusing select you are able to select a symbol FOO even
if FOO depends on BAR that is not set.
In general use select only for non-visible symbols
(no prompts anywhere) and for symbols with no dependencies.
That will limit the usefulness but on the other hand avoid
the illegal configurations all over.
kconfig should one day warn about such things.
- numerical ranges: "range" <symbol> <symbol> ["if" <expr>]
This allows to limit the range of possible input values for int
and hex symbols. The user can only input a value which is larger than
or equal to the first symbol and smaller than or equal to the second
symbol.
- help text: "help" or "---help---"
This defines a help text. The end of the help text is determined by
the indentation level, this means it ends at the first line which has
a smaller indentation than the first line of the help text.
"---help---" and "help" do not differ in behaviour, "---help---" is
used to help visually separate configuration logic from help within
the file as an aid to developers.
- misc options: "option" <symbol>[=<value>]
Various less common options can be defined via this option syntax,
which can modify the behaviour of the menu entry and its config
symbol. These options are currently possible:
- "defconfig_list"
This declares a list of default entries which can be used when
looking for the default configuration (which is used when the main
.config doesn't exists yet.)
- "modules"
This declares the symbol to be used as the MODULES symbol, which
enables the third modular state for all config symbols.
- "env"=<value>
This imports the environment variable into Kconfig. It behaves like
a default, except that the value comes from the environment, this
also means that the behaviour when mixing it with normal defaults is
undefined at this point. The symbol is currently not exported back
to the build environment (if this is desired, it can be done via
another symbol).
Menu dependencies
-----------------
Dependencies define the visibility of a menu entry and can also reduce
the input range of tristate symbols. The tristate logic used in the
expressions uses one more state than normal boolean logic to express the
module state. Dependency expressions have the following syntax:
<expr> ::= <symbol> (1)
<symbol> '=' <symbol> (2)
<symbol> '!=' <symbol> (3)
'(' <expr> ')' (4)
'!' <expr> (5)
<expr> '&&' <expr> (6)
<expr> '||' <expr> (7)
Expressions are listed in decreasing order of precedence.
(1) Convert the symbol into an expression. Boolean and tristate symbols
are simply converted into the respective expression values. All
other symbol types result in 'n'.
(2) If the values of both symbols are equal, it returns 'y',
otherwise 'n'.
(3) If the values of both symbols are equal, it returns 'n',
otherwise 'y'.
(4) Returns the value of the expression. Used to override precedence.
(5) Returns the result of (2-/expr/).
(6) Returns the result of min(/expr/, /expr/).
(7) Returns the result of max(/expr/, /expr/).
An expression can have a value of 'n', 'm' or 'y' (or 0, 1, 2
respectively for calculations). A menu entry becomes visible when it's
expression evaluates to 'm' or 'y'.
There are two types of symbols: constant and non-constant symbols.
Non-constant symbols are the most common ones and are defined with the
'config' statement. Non-constant symbols consist entirely of alphanumeric
characters or underscores.
Constant symbols are only part of expressions. Constant symbols are
always surrounded by single or double quotes. Within the quote, any
other character is allowed and the quotes can be escaped using '\'.
Menu structure
--------------
The position of a menu entry in the tree is determined in two ways. First
it can be specified explicitly:
menu "Network device support"
depends on NET
config NETDEVICES
...
endmenu
All entries within the "menu" ... "endmenu" block become a submenu of
"Network device support". All subentries inherit the dependencies from
the menu entry, e.g. this means the dependency "NET" is added to the
dependency list of the config option NETDEVICES.
The other way to generate the menu structure is done by analyzing the
dependencies. If a menu entry somehow depends on the previous entry, it
can be made a submenu of it. First, the previous (parent) symbol must
be part of the dependency list and then one of these two conditions
must be true:
- the child entry must become invisible, if the parent is set to 'n'
- the child entry must only be visible, if the parent is visible
config MODULES
bool "Enable loadable module support"
config MODVERSIONS
bool "Set version information on all module symbols"
depends on MODULES
comment "module support disabled"
depends on !MODULES
MODVERSIONS directly depends on MODULES, this means it's only visible if
MODULES is different from 'n'. The comment on the other hand is always
visible when MODULES is visible (the (empty) dependency of MODULES is
also part of the comment dependencies).
Kconfig syntax
--------------
The configuration file describes a series of menu entries, where every
line starts with a keyword (except help texts). The following keywords
end a menu entry:
- config
- menuconfig
- choice/endchoice
- comment
- menu/endmenu
- if/endif
- source
The first five also start the definition of a menu entry.
config:
"config" <symbol>
<config options>
This defines a config symbol <symbol> and accepts any of above
attributes as options.
menuconfig:
"menuconfig" <symbol>
<config options>
This is similar to the simple config entry above, but it also gives a
hint to front ends, that all suboptions should be displayed as a
separate list of options.
choices:
"choice"
<choice options>
<choice block>
"endchoice"
This defines a choice group and accepts any of the above attributes as
options. A choice can only be of type bool or tristate, while a boolean
choice only allows a single config entry to be selected, a tristate
choice also allows any number of config entries to be set to 'm'. This
can be used if multiple drivers for a single hardware exists and only a
single driver can be compiled/loaded into the kernel, but all drivers
can be compiled as modules.
A choice accepts another option "optional", which allows to set the
choice to 'n' and no entry needs to be selected.
comment:
"comment" <prompt>
<comment options>
This defines a comment which is displayed to the user during the
configuration process and is also echoed to the output files. The only
possible options are dependencies.
menu:
"menu" <prompt>
<menu options>
<menu block>
"endmenu"
This defines a menu block, see "Menu structure" above for more
information. The only possible options are dependencies.
if:
"if" <expr>
<if block>
"endif"
This defines an if block. The dependency expression <expr> is appended
to all enclosed menu entries.
source:
"source" <prompt>
This reads the specified configuration file. This file is always parsed.
mainmenu:
"mainmenu" <prompt>
This sets the config program's title bar if the config program chooses
to use it.
Kconfig hints
-------------
This is a collection of Kconfig tips, most of which aren't obvious at
first glance and most of which have become idioms in several Kconfig
files.
Adding common features and make the usage configurable
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
It is a common idiom to implement a feature/functionality that are
relevant for some architectures but not all.
The recommended way to do so is to use a config variable named HAVE_*
that is defined in a common Kconfig file and selected by the relevant
architectures.
An example is the generic IOMAP functionality.
We would in lib/Kconfig see:
# Generic IOMAP is used to ...
config HAVE_GENERIC_IOMAP
config GENERIC_IOMAP
depends on HAVE_GENERIC_IOMAP && FOO
And in lib/Makefile we would see:
obj-$(CONFIG_GENERIC_IOMAP) += iomap.o
For each architecture using the generic IOMAP functionality we would see:
config X86
select ...
select HAVE_GENERIC_IOMAP
select ...
Note: we use the existing config option and avoid creating a new
config variable to select HAVE_GENERIC_IOMAP.
Note: the use of the internal config variable HAVE_GENERIC_IOMAP, it is
introduced to overcome the limitation of select which will force a
config option to 'y' no matter the dependencies.
The dependencies are moved to the symbol GENERIC_IOMAP and we avoid the
situation where select forces a symbol equals to 'y'.
Build as module only
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To restrict a component build to module-only, qualify its config symbol
with "depends on m". E.g.:
config FOO
depends on BAR && m
limits FOO to module (=m) or disabled (=n).

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This file contains some assistance for using "make *config".
Use "make help" to list all of the possible configuration targets.
The xconfig ('qconf') and menuconfig ('mconf') programs also
have embedded help text. Be sure to check it for navigation,
search, and other general help text.
======================================================================
General
--------------------------------------------------
New kernel releases often introduce new config symbols. Often more
important, new kernel releases may rename config symbols. When
this happens, using a previously working .config file and running
"make oldconfig" won't necessarily produce a working new kernel
for you, so you may find that you need to see what NEW kernel
symbols have been introduced.
To see a list of new config symbols when using "make oldconfig", use
cp user/some/old.config .config
yes "" | make oldconfig >conf.new
and the config program will list as (NEW) any new symbols that have
unknown values. Of course, the .config file is also updated with
new (default) values, so you can use:
grep "(NEW)" conf.new
to see the new config symbols or you can 'diff' the previous and
new .config files to see the differences:
diff .config.old .config | less
(Yes, we need something better here.)
______________________________________________________________________
Environment variables for '*config'
KCONFIG_CONFIG
--------------------------------------------------
This environment variable can be used to specify a default kernel config
file name to override the default name of ".config".
KCONFIG_OVERWRITECONFIG
--------------------------------------------------
If you set KCONFIG_OVERWRITECONFIG in the environment, Kconfig will not
break symlinks when .config is a symlink to somewhere else.
KCONFIG_NOTIMESTAMP
--------------------------------------------------
If this environment variable exists and is non-null, the timestamp line
in generated .config files is omitted.
______________________________________________________________________
Environment variables for '{allyes/allmod/allno/rand}config'
KCONFIG_ALLCONFIG
--------------------------------------------------
(partially based on lkml email from/by Rob Landley, re: miniconfig)
--------------------------------------------------
The allyesconfig/allmodconfig/allnoconfig/randconfig variants can
also use the environment variable KCONFIG_ALLCONFIG as a flag or a
filename that contains config symbols that the user requires to be
set to a specific value. If KCONFIG_ALLCONFIG is used without a
filename, "make *config" checks for a file named
"all{yes/mod/no/random}.config" (corresponding to the *config command
that was used) for symbol values that are to be forced. If this file
is not found, it checks for a file named "all.config" to contain forced
values.
This enables you to create "miniature" config (miniconfig) or custom
config files containing just the config symbols that you are interested
in. Then the kernel config system generates the full .config file,
including symbols of your miniconfig file.
This 'KCONFIG_ALLCONFIG' file is a config file which contains
(usually a subset of all) preset config symbols. These variable
settings are still subject to normal dependency checks.
Examples:
KCONFIG_ALLCONFIG=custom-notebook.config make allnoconfig
or
KCONFIG_ALLCONFIG=mini.config make allnoconfig
or
make KCONFIG_ALLCONFIG=mini.config allnoconfig
These examples will disable most options (allnoconfig) but enable or
disable the options that are explicitly listed in the specified
mini-config files.
______________________________________________________________________
Environment variables for 'silentoldconfig'
KCONFIG_NOSILENTUPDATE
--------------------------------------------------
If this variable has a non-blank value, it prevents silent kernel
config udpates (requires explicit updates).
KCONFIG_AUTOCONFIG
--------------------------------------------------
This environment variable can be set to specify the path & name of the
"auto.conf" file. Its default value is "include/config/auto.conf".
KCONFIG_AUTOHEADER
--------------------------------------------------
This environment variable can be set to specify the path & name of the
"autoconf.h" (header) file. Its default value is "include/linux/autoconf.h".
======================================================================
menuconfig
--------------------------------------------------
SEARCHING for CONFIG symbols
Searching in menuconfig:
The Search function searches for kernel configuration symbol
names, so you have to know something close to what you are
looking for.
Example:
/hotplug
This lists all config symbols that contain "hotplug",
e.g., HOTPLUG, HOTPLUG_CPU, MEMORY_HOTPLUG.
For search help, enter / followed TAB-TAB-TAB (to highlight
<Help>) and Enter. This will tell you that you can also use
regular expressions (regexes) in the search string, so if you
are not interested in MEMORY_HOTPLUG, you could try
/^hotplug
______________________________________________________________________
User interface options for 'menuconfig'
MENUCONFIG_COLOR
--------------------------------------------------
It is possible to select different color themes using the variable
MENUCONFIG_COLOR. To select a theme use:
make MENUCONFIG_COLOR=<theme> menuconfig
Available themes are:
mono => selects colors suitable for monochrome displays
blackbg => selects a color scheme with black background
classic => theme with blue background. The classic look
bluetitle => a LCD friendly version of classic. (default)
MENUCONFIG_MODE
--------------------------------------------------
This mode shows all sub-menus in one large tree.
Example:
make MENUCONFIG_MODE=single_menu menuconfig
======================================================================
xconfig
--------------------------------------------------
Searching in xconfig:
The Search function searches for kernel configuration symbol
names, so you have to know something close to what you are
looking for.
Example:
Ctrl-F hotplug
or
Menu: File, Search, hotplug
lists all config symbol entries that contain "hotplug" in
the symbol name. In this Search dialog, you may change the
config setting for any of the entries that are not grayed out.
You can also enter a different search string without having
to return to the main menu.
======================================================================
gconfig
--------------------------------------------------
Searching in gconfig:
None (gconfig isn't maintained as well as xconfig or menuconfig);
however, gconfig does have a few more viewing choices than
xconfig does.
###

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In this document you will find information about:
- how to build external modules
- how to make your module use the kbuild infrastructure
- how kbuild will install a kernel
- how to install modules in a non-standard location
=== Table of Contents
=== 1 Introduction
=== 2 How to build external modules
--- 2.1 Building external modules
--- 2.2 Available targets
--- 2.3 Available options
--- 2.4 Preparing the kernel tree for module build
--- 2.5 Building separate files for a module
=== 3. Example commands
=== 4. Creating a kbuild file for an external module
=== 5. Include files
--- 5.1 How to include files from the kernel include dir
--- 5.2 External modules using an include/ dir
--- 5.3 External modules using several directories
=== 6. Module installation
--- 6.1 INSTALL_MOD_PATH
--- 6.2 INSTALL_MOD_DIR
=== 7. Module versioning & Module.symvers
--- 7.1 Symbols from the kernel (vmlinux + modules)
--- 7.2 Symbols and external modules
--- 7.3 Symbols from another external module
=== 8. Tips & Tricks
--- 8.1 Testing for CONFIG_FOO_BAR
=== 1. Introduction
kbuild includes functionality for building modules both
within the kernel source tree and outside the kernel source tree.
The latter is usually referred to as external or "out-of-tree"
modules and is used both during development and for modules that
are not planned to be included in the kernel tree.
What is covered within this file is mainly information to authors
of modules. The author of an external module should supply
a makefile that hides most of the complexity, so one only has to type
'make' to build the module. A complete example will be presented in
chapter 4, "Creating a kbuild file for an external module".
=== 2. How to build external modules
kbuild offers functionality to build external modules, with the
prerequisite that there is a pre-built kernel available with full source.
A subset of the targets available when building the kernel is available
when building an external module.
--- 2.1 Building external modules
Use the following command to build an external module:
make -C <path-to-kernel> M=`pwd`
For the running kernel use:
make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build M=`pwd`
For the above command to succeed, the kernel must have been
built with modules enabled.
To install the modules that were just built:
make -C <path-to-kernel> M=`pwd` modules_install
More complex examples will be shown later, the above should
be enough to get you started.
--- 2.2 Available targets
$KDIR refers to the path to the kernel source top-level directory
make -C $KDIR M=`pwd`
Will build the module(s) located in current directory.
All output files will be located in the same directory
as the module source.
No attempts are made to update the kernel source, and it is
a precondition that a successful make has been executed
for the kernel.
make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` modules
The modules target is implied when no target is given.
Same functionality as if no target was specified.
See description above.
make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` modules_install
Install the external module(s).
Installation default is in /lib/modules/<kernel-version>/extra,
but may be prefixed with INSTALL_MOD_PATH - see separate
chapter.
make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` clean
Remove all generated files for the module - the kernel
source directory is not modified.
make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` help
help will list the available target when building external
modules.
--- 2.3 Available options:
$KDIR refers to the path to the kernel source top-level directory
make -C $KDIR
Used to specify where to find the kernel source.
'$KDIR' represent the directory where the kernel source is.
Make will actually change directory to the specified directory
when executed but change back when finished.
make -C $KDIR M=`pwd`
M= is used to tell kbuild that an external module is
being built.
The option given to M= is the directory where the external
module (kbuild file) is located.
When an external module is being built only a subset of the
usual targets are available.
make -C $KDIR SUBDIRS=`pwd`
Same as M=. The SUBDIRS= syntax is kept for backwards
compatibility.
--- 2.4 Preparing the kernel tree for module build
To make sure the kernel contains the information required to
build external modules the target 'modules_prepare' must be used.
'modules_prepare' exists solely as a simple way to prepare
a kernel source tree for building external modules.
Note: modules_prepare will not build Module.symvers even if
CONFIG_MODVERSIONS is set. Therefore a full kernel build
needs to be executed to make module versioning work.
--- 2.5 Building separate files for a module
It is possible to build single files which are part of a module.
This works equally well for the kernel, a module and even for
external modules.
Examples (module foo.ko, consist of bar.o, baz.o):
make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` bar.lst
make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` bar.o
make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` foo.ko
make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` /
=== 3. Example commands
This example shows the actual commands to be executed when building
an external module for the currently running kernel.
In the example below, the distribution is supposed to use the
facility to locate output files for a kernel compile in a different
directory than the kernel source - but the examples will also work
when the source and the output files are mixed in the same directory.
# Kernel source
/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/source -> /usr/src/linux-<version>
# Output from kernel compile
/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/build -> /usr/src/linux-<version>-up
Change to the directory where the kbuild file is located and execute
the following commands to build the module:
cd /home/user/src/module
make -C /usr/src/`uname -r`/source \
O=/lib/modules/`uname-r`/build \
M=`pwd`
Then, to install the module use the following command:
make -C /usr/src/`uname -r`/source \
O=/lib/modules/`uname-r`/build \
M=`pwd` \
modules_install
If you look closely you will see that this is the same command as
listed before - with the directories spelled out.
The above are rather long commands, and the following chapter
lists a few tricks to make it all easier.
=== 4. Creating a kbuild file for an external module
kbuild is the build system for the kernel, and external modules
must use kbuild to stay compatible with changes in the build system
and to pick up the right flags to gcc etc.
The kbuild file used as input shall follow the syntax described
in Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt. This chapter will introduce a few
more tricks to be used when dealing with external modules.
In the following a Makefile will be created for a module with the
following files:
8123_if.c
8123_if.h
8123_pci.c
8123_bin.o_shipped <= Binary blob
--- 4.1 Shared Makefile for module and kernel
An external module always includes a wrapper Makefile supporting
building the module using 'make' with no arguments.
The Makefile provided will most likely include additional
functionality such as test targets etc. and this part shall
be filtered away from kbuild since it may impact kbuild if
name clashes occurs.
Example 1:
--> filename: Makefile
ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
# kbuild part of makefile
obj-m := 8123.o
8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
else
# Normal Makefile
KERNELDIR := /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
all::
$(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=`pwd` $@
# Module specific targets
genbin:
echo "X" > 8123_bin.o_shipped
endif
In example 1, the check for KERNELRELEASE is used to separate
the two parts of the Makefile. kbuild will only see the two
assignments whereas make will see everything except the two
kbuild assignments.
In recent versions of the kernel, kbuild will look for a file named
Kbuild and as second option look for a file named Makefile.
Utilising the Kbuild file makes us split up the Makefile in example 1
into two files as shown in example 2:
Example 2:
--> filename: Kbuild
obj-m := 8123.o
8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
--> filename: Makefile
KERNELDIR := /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
all::
$(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=`pwd` $@
# Module specific targets
genbin:
echo "X" > 8123_bin.o_shipped
In example 2, we are down to two fairly simple files and for simple
files as used in this example the split is questionable. But some
external modules use Makefiles of several hundred lines and here it
really pays off to separate the kbuild part from the rest.
Example 3 shows a backward compatible version.
Example 3:
--> filename: Kbuild
obj-m := 8123.o
8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
--> filename: Makefile
ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
include Kbuild
else
# Normal Makefile
KERNELDIR := /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
all::
$(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=`pwd` $@
# Module specific targets
genbin:
echo "X" > 8123_bin.o_shipped
endif
The trick here is to include the Kbuild file from Makefile, so
if an older version of kbuild picks up the Makefile, the Kbuild
file will be included.
--- 4.2 Binary blobs included in a module
Some external modules needs to include a .o as a blob. kbuild
has support for this, but requires the blob file to be named
<filename>_shipped. In our example the blob is named
8123_bin.o_shipped and when the kbuild rules kick in the file
8123_bin.o is created as a simple copy off the 8213_bin.o_shipped file
with the _shipped part stripped of the filename.
This allows the 8123_bin.o filename to be used in the assignment to
the module.
Example 4:
obj-m := 8123.o
8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
In example 4, there is no distinction between the ordinary .c/.h files
and the binary file. But kbuild will pick up different rules to create
the .o file.
=== 5. Include files
Include files are a necessity when a .c file uses something from other .c
files (not strictly in the sense of C, but if good programming practice is
used). Any module that consists of more than one .c file will have a .h file
for one of the .c files.
- If the .h file only describes a module internal interface, then the .h file
shall be placed in the same directory as the .c files.
- If the .h files describe an interface used by other parts of the kernel
located in different directories, the .h files shall be located in
include/linux/ or other include/ directories as appropriate.
One exception for this rule is larger subsystems that have their own directory
under include/ such as include/scsi. Another exception is arch-specific
.h files which are located under include/asm-$(ARCH)/*.
External modules have a tendency to locate include files in a separate include/
directory and therefore need to deal with this in their kbuild file.
--- 5.1 How to include files from the kernel include dir
When a module needs to include a file from include/linux/, then one
just uses:
#include <linux/modules.h>
kbuild will make sure to add options to gcc so the relevant
directories are searched.
Likewise for .h files placed in the same directory as the .c file.
#include "8123_if.h"
will do the job.
--- 5.2 External modules using an include/ dir
External modules often locate their .h files in a separate include/
directory although this is not usual kernel style. When an external
module uses an include/ dir then kbuild needs to be told so.
The trick here is to use either EXTRA_CFLAGS (take effect for all .c
files) or CFLAGS_$F.o (take effect only for a single file).
In our example, if we move 8123_if.h to a subdirectory named include/
the resulting Kbuild file would look like:
--> filename: Kbuild
obj-m := 8123.o
EXTRA_CFLAGS := -Iinclude
8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o
Note that in the assignment there is no space between -I and the path.
This is a kbuild limitation: there must be no space present.
--- 5.3 External modules using several directories
If an external module does not follow the usual kernel style, but
decides to spread files over several directories, then kbuild can
handle this too.
Consider the following example:
|
+- src/complex_main.c
| +- hal/hardwareif.c
| +- hal/include/hardwareif.h
+- include/complex.h
To build a single module named complex.ko, we then need the following
kbuild file:
Kbuild:
obj-m := complex.o
complex-y := src/complex_main.o
complex-y += src/hal/hardwareif.o
EXTRA_CFLAGS := -I$(src)/include
EXTRA_CFLAGS += -I$(src)src/hal/include
kbuild knows how to handle .o files located in another directory -
although this is NOT recommended practice. The syntax is to specify
the directory relative to the directory where the Kbuild file is
located.
To find the .h files, we have to explicitly tell kbuild where to look
for the .h files. When kbuild executes, the current directory is always
the root of the kernel tree (argument to -C) and therefore we have to
tell kbuild how to find the .h files using absolute paths.
$(src) will specify the absolute path to the directory where the
Kbuild file are located when being build as an external module.
Therefore -I$(src)/ is used to point out the directory of the Kbuild
file and any additional path are just appended.
=== 6. Module installation
Modules which are included in the kernel are installed in the directory:
/lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/kernel
External modules are installed in the directory:
/lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/extra
--- 6.1 INSTALL_MOD_PATH
Above are the default directories, but as always, some level of
customization is possible. One can prefix the path using the variable
INSTALL_MOD_PATH:
$ make INSTALL_MOD_PATH=/frodo modules_install
=> Install dir: /frodo/lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/kernel
INSTALL_MOD_PATH may be set as an ordinary shell variable or as in the
example above, can be specified on the command line when calling make.
INSTALL_MOD_PATH has effect both when installing modules included in
the kernel as well as when installing external modules.
--- 6.2 INSTALL_MOD_DIR
When installing external modules they are by default installed to a
directory under /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/extra, but one may wish
to locate modules for a specific functionality in a separate
directory. For this purpose, one can use INSTALL_MOD_DIR to specify an
alternative name to 'extra'.
$ make INSTALL_MOD_DIR=gandalf -C KERNELDIR \
M=`pwd` modules_install
=> Install dir: /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/gandalf
=== 7. Module versioning & Module.symvers
Module versioning is enabled by the CONFIG_MODVERSIONS tag.
Module versioning is used as a simple ABI consistency check. The Module
versioning creates a CRC value of the full prototype for an exported symbol and
when a module is loaded/used then the CRC values contained in the kernel are
compared with similar values in the module. If they are not equal, then the
kernel refuses to load the module.
Module.symvers contains a list of all exported symbols from a kernel build.
--- 7.1 Symbols from the kernel (vmlinux + modules)
During a kernel build, a file named Module.symvers will be generated.
Module.symvers contains all exported symbols from the kernel and
compiled modules. For each symbols, the corresponding CRC value
is stored too.
The syntax of the Module.symvers file is:
<CRC> <Symbol> <module>
Sample:
0x2d036834 scsi_remove_host drivers/scsi/scsi_mod
For a kernel build without CONFIG_MODVERSIONS enabled, the crc
would read: 0x00000000
Module.symvers serves two purposes:
1) It lists all exported symbols both from vmlinux and all modules
2) It lists the CRC if CONFIG_MODVERSIONS is enabled
--- 7.2 Symbols and external modules
When building an external module, the build system needs access to
the symbols from the kernel to check if all external symbols are
defined. This is done in the MODPOST step and to obtain all
symbols, modpost reads Module.symvers from the kernel.
If a Module.symvers file is present in the directory where
the external module is being built, this file will be read too.
During the MODPOST step, a new Module.symvers file will be written
containing all exported symbols that were not defined in the kernel.
--- 7.3 Symbols from another external module
Sometimes, an external module uses exported symbols from another
external module. Kbuild needs to have full knowledge on all symbols
to avoid spitting out warnings about undefined symbols.
Three solutions exist to let kbuild know all symbols of more than
one external module.
The method with a top-level kbuild file is recommended but may be
impractical in certain situations.
Use a top-level Kbuild file
If you have two modules: 'foo' and 'bar', and 'foo' needs
symbols from 'bar', then one can use a common top-level kbuild
file so both modules are compiled in same build.
Consider following directory layout:
./foo/ <= contains the foo module
./bar/ <= contains the bar module
The top-level Kbuild file would then look like:
#./Kbuild: (this file may also be named Makefile)
obj-y := foo/ bar/
Executing:
make -C $KDIR M=`pwd`
will then do the expected and compile both modules with full
knowledge on symbols from both modules.
Use an extra Module.symvers file
When an external module is built, a Module.symvers file is
generated containing all exported symbols which are not
defined in the kernel.
To get access to symbols from module 'bar', one can copy the
Module.symvers file from the compilation of the 'bar' module
to the directory where the 'foo' module is built.
During the module build, kbuild will read the Module.symvers
file in the directory of the external module and when the
build is finished, a new Module.symvers file is created
containing the sum of all symbols defined and not part of the
kernel.
Use make variable KBUILD_EXTRA_SYMBOLS in the Makefile
If it is impractical to copy Module.symvers from another
module, you can assign a space separated list of files to
KBUILD_EXTRA_SYMBOLS in your Makfile. These files will be
loaded by modpost during the initialisation of its symbol
tables.
=== 8. Tips & Tricks
--- 8.1 Testing for CONFIG_FOO_BAR
Modules often need to check for certain CONFIG_ options to decide if
a specific feature shall be included in the module. When kbuild is used
this is done by referencing the CONFIG_ variable directly.
#fs/ext2/Makefile
obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2.o
ext2-y := balloc.o bitmap.o dir.o
ext2-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) += xattr.o
External modules have traditionally used grep to check for specific
CONFIG_ settings directly in .config. This usage is broken.
As introduced before, external modules shall use kbuild when building
and therefore can use the same methods as in-kernel modules when
testing for CONFIG_ definitions.