package influxql

import (
	"bytes"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"regexp"
	"regexp/syntax"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
	internal "github.com/influxdata/influxdb/influxql/internal"
)

// DataType represents the primitive data types available in InfluxQL.
type DataType int

const (
	// Unknown primitive data type.
	Unknown DataType = 0
	// Float means the data type is a float.
	Float = 1
	// Integer means the data type is an integer.
	Integer = 2
	// String means the data type is a string of text.
	String = 3
	// Boolean means the data type is a boolean.
	Boolean = 4
	// Time means the data type is a time.
	Time = 5
	// Duration means the data type is a duration of time.
	Duration = 6
	// Tag means the data type is a tag.
	Tag = 7
	// AnyField means the data type is any field.
	AnyField = 8
)

var (
	// ErrInvalidTime is returned when the timestamp string used to
	// compare against time field is invalid.
	ErrInvalidTime = errors.New("invalid timestamp string")
)

// InspectDataType returns the data type of a given value.
func InspectDataType(v interface{}) DataType {
	switch v.(type) {
	case float64:
		return Float
	case int64, int32, int:
		return Integer
	case string:
		return String
	case bool:
		return Boolean
	case time.Time:
		return Time
	case time.Duration:
		return Duration
	default:
		return Unknown
	}
}

// InspectDataTypes returns all of the data types for an interface slice.
func InspectDataTypes(a []interface{}) []DataType {
	dta := make([]DataType, len(a))
	for i, v := range a {
		dta[i] = InspectDataType(v)
	}
	return dta
}

// LessThan returns true if the other DataType has greater precedence than the
// current data type. Unknown has the lowest precedence.
//
// NOTE: This is not the same as using the `<` or `>` operator because the
// integers used decrease with higher precedence, but Unknown is the lowest
// precedence at the zero value.
func (d DataType) LessThan(other DataType) bool {
	return d == Unknown || (other != Unknown && other < d)
}

// String returns the human-readable string representation of the DataType.
func (d DataType) String() string {
	switch d {
	case Float:
		return "float"
	case Integer:
		return "integer"
	case String:
		return "string"
	case Boolean:
		return "boolean"
	case Time:
		return "time"
	case Duration:
		return "duration"
	case Tag:
		return "tag"
	case AnyField:
		return "field"
	}
	return "unknown"
}

// Node represents a node in the InfluxDB abstract syntax tree.
type Node interface {
	// node is unexported to ensure implementations of Node
	// can only originate in this package.
	node()
	String() string
}

func (*Query) node()     {}
func (Statements) node() {}

func (*AlterRetentionPolicyStatement) node()  {}
func (*CreateContinuousQueryStatement) node() {}
func (*CreateDatabaseStatement) node()        {}
func (*CreateRetentionPolicyStatement) node() {}
func (*CreateSubscriptionStatement) node()    {}
func (*CreateUserStatement) node()            {}
func (*Distinct) node()                       {}
func (*DeleteSeriesStatement) node()          {}
func (*DeleteStatement) node()                {}
func (*DropContinuousQueryStatement) node()   {}
func (*DropDatabaseStatement) node()          {}
func (*DropMeasurementStatement) node()       {}
func (*DropRetentionPolicyStatement) node()   {}
func (*DropSeriesStatement) node()            {}
func (*DropShardStatement) node()             {}
func (*DropSubscriptionStatement) node()      {}
func (*DropUserStatement) node()              {}
func (*GrantStatement) node()                 {}
func (*GrantAdminStatement) node()            {}
func (*KillQueryStatement) node()             {}
func (*RevokeStatement) node()                {}
func (*RevokeAdminStatement) node()           {}
func (*SelectStatement) node()                {}
func (*SetPasswordUserStatement) node()       {}
func (*ShowContinuousQueriesStatement) node() {}
func (*ShowGrantsForUserStatement) node()     {}
func (*ShowDatabasesStatement) node()         {}
func (*ShowFieldKeysStatement) node()         {}
func (*ShowRetentionPoliciesStatement) node() {}
func (*ShowMeasurementsStatement) node()      {}
func (*ShowQueriesStatement) node()           {}
func (*ShowSeriesStatement) node()            {}
func (*ShowShardGroupsStatement) node()       {}
func (*ShowShardsStatement) node()            {}
func (*ShowStatsStatement) node()             {}
func (*ShowSubscriptionsStatement) node()     {}
func (*ShowDiagnosticsStatement) node()       {}
func (*ShowTagKeysStatement) node()           {}
func (*ShowTagValuesStatement) node()         {}
func (*ShowUsersStatement) node()             {}

func (*BinaryExpr) node()      {}
func (*BooleanLiteral) node()  {}
func (*Call) node()            {}
func (*Dimension) node()       {}
func (Dimensions) node()       {}
func (*DurationLiteral) node() {}
func (*IntegerLiteral) node()  {}
func (*Field) node()           {}
func (Fields) node()           {}
func (*Measurement) node()     {}
func (Measurements) node()     {}
func (*nilLiteral) node()      {}
func (*NumberLiteral) node()   {}
func (*ParenExpr) node()       {}
func (*RegexLiteral) node()    {}
func (*ListLiteral) node()     {}
func (*SortField) node()       {}
func (SortFields) node()       {}
func (Sources) node()          {}
func (*StringLiteral) node()   {}
func (*SubQuery) node()        {}
func (*Target) node()          {}
func (*TimeLiteral) node()     {}
func (*VarRef) node()          {}
func (*Wildcard) node()        {}

// Query represents a collection of ordered statements.
type Query struct {
	Statements Statements
}

// String returns a string representation of the query.
func (q *Query) String() string { return q.Statements.String() }

// Statements represents a list of statements.
type Statements []Statement

// String returns a string representation of the statements.
func (a Statements) String() string {
	var str []string
	for _, stmt := range a {
		str = append(str, stmt.String())
	}
	return strings.Join(str, ";\n")
}

// Statement represents a single command in InfluxQL.
type Statement interface {
	Node
	// stmt is unexported to ensure implementations of Statement
	// can only originate in this package.
	stmt()
	RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error)
}

// HasDefaultDatabase provides an interface to get the default database from a Statement.
type HasDefaultDatabase interface {
	Node
	// stmt is unexported to ensure implementations of HasDefaultDatabase
	// can only originate in this package.
	stmt()
	DefaultDatabase() string
}

// ExecutionPrivilege is a privilege required for a user to execute
// a statement on a database or resource.
type ExecutionPrivilege struct {
	// Admin privilege required.
	Admin bool

	// Name of the database.
	Name string

	// Database privilege required.
	Privilege Privilege
}

// ExecutionPrivileges is a list of privileges required to execute a statement.
type ExecutionPrivileges []ExecutionPrivilege

func (*AlterRetentionPolicyStatement) stmt()  {}
func (*CreateContinuousQueryStatement) stmt() {}
func (*CreateDatabaseStatement) stmt()        {}
func (*CreateRetentionPolicyStatement) stmt() {}
func (*CreateSubscriptionStatement) stmt()    {}
func (*CreateUserStatement) stmt()            {}
func (*DeleteSeriesStatement) stmt()          {}
func (*DeleteStatement) stmt()                {}
func (*DropContinuousQueryStatement) stmt()   {}
func (*DropDatabaseStatement) stmt()          {}
func (*DropMeasurementStatement) stmt()       {}
func (*DropRetentionPolicyStatement) stmt()   {}
func (*DropSeriesStatement) stmt()            {}
func (*DropSubscriptionStatement) stmt()      {}
func (*DropUserStatement) stmt()              {}
func (*GrantStatement) stmt()                 {}
func (*GrantAdminStatement) stmt()            {}
func (*KillQueryStatement) stmt()             {}
func (*ShowContinuousQueriesStatement) stmt() {}
func (*ShowGrantsForUserStatement) stmt()     {}
func (*ShowDatabasesStatement) stmt()         {}
func (*ShowFieldKeysStatement) stmt()         {}
func (*ShowMeasurementsStatement) stmt()      {}
func (*ShowQueriesStatement) stmt()           {}
func (*ShowRetentionPoliciesStatement) stmt() {}
func (*ShowSeriesStatement) stmt()            {}
func (*ShowShardGroupsStatement) stmt()       {}
func (*ShowShardsStatement) stmt()            {}
func (*ShowStatsStatement) stmt()             {}
func (*DropShardStatement) stmt()             {}
func (*ShowSubscriptionsStatement) stmt()     {}
func (*ShowDiagnosticsStatement) stmt()       {}
func (*ShowTagKeysStatement) stmt()           {}
func (*ShowTagValuesStatement) stmt()         {}
func (*ShowUsersStatement) stmt()             {}
func (*RevokeStatement) stmt()                {}
func (*RevokeAdminStatement) stmt()           {}
func (*SelectStatement) stmt()                {}
func (*SetPasswordUserStatement) stmt()       {}

// Expr represents an expression that can be evaluated to a value.
type Expr interface {
	Node
	// expr is unexported to ensure implementations of Expr
	// can only originate in this package.
	expr()
}

func (*BinaryExpr) expr()      {}
func (*BooleanLiteral) expr()  {}
func (*Call) expr()            {}
func (*Distinct) expr()        {}
func (*DurationLiteral) expr() {}
func (*IntegerLiteral) expr()  {}
func (*nilLiteral) expr()      {}
func (*NumberLiteral) expr()   {}
func (*ParenExpr) expr()       {}
func (*RegexLiteral) expr()    {}
func (*ListLiteral) expr()     {}
func (*StringLiteral) expr()   {}
func (*TimeLiteral) expr()     {}
func (*VarRef) expr()          {}
func (*Wildcard) expr()        {}

// Literal represents a static literal.
type Literal interface {
	Expr
	// literal is unexported to ensure implementations of Literal
	// can only originate in this package.
	literal()
}

func (*BooleanLiteral) literal()  {}
func (*DurationLiteral) literal() {}
func (*IntegerLiteral) literal()  {}
func (*nilLiteral) literal()      {}
func (*NumberLiteral) literal()   {}
func (*RegexLiteral) literal()    {}
func (*ListLiteral) literal()     {}
func (*StringLiteral) literal()   {}
func (*TimeLiteral) literal()     {}

// Source represents a source of data for a statement.
type Source interface {
	Node
	// source is unexported to ensure implementations of Source
	// can only originate in this package.
	source()
}

func (*Measurement) source() {}
func (*SubQuery) source()    {}

// Sources represents a list of sources.
type Sources []Source

// Names returns a list of source names.
func (a Sources) Names() []string {
	names := make([]string, 0, len(a))
	for _, s := range a {
		switch s := s.(type) {
		case *Measurement:
			names = append(names, s.Name)
		}
	}
	return names
}

// Filter returns a list of source names filtered by the database/retention policy.
func (a Sources) Filter(database, retentionPolicy string) []Source {
	sources := make([]Source, 0, len(a))
	for _, s := range a {
		switch s := s.(type) {
		case *Measurement:
			if s.Database == database && s.RetentionPolicy == retentionPolicy {
				sources = append(sources, s)
			}
		case *SubQuery:
			filteredSources := s.Statement.Sources.Filter(database, retentionPolicy)
			sources = append(sources, filteredSources...)
		}
	}
	return sources
}

// HasSystemSource returns true if any of the sources are internal, system sources.
func (a Sources) HasSystemSource() bool {
	for _, s := range a {
		switch s := s.(type) {
		case *Measurement:
			if IsSystemName(s.Name) {
				return true
			}
		}
	}
	return false
}

// HasRegex returns true if any of the sources are regex measurements.
func (a Sources) HasRegex() bool {
	for _, s := range a {
		switch s := s.(type) {
		case *Measurement:
			if s.Regex != nil {
				return true
			}
		}
	}
	return false
}

// String returns a string representation of a Sources array.
func (a Sources) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer

	ubound := len(a) - 1
	for i, src := range a {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(src.String())
		if i < ubound {
			_, _ = buf.WriteString(", ")
		}
	}

	return buf.String()
}

// Measurements returns all measurements including ones embedded in subqueries.
func (a Sources) Measurements() []*Measurement {
	mms := make([]*Measurement, 0, len(a))
	for _, src := range a {
		switch src := src.(type) {
		case *Measurement:
			mms = append(mms, src)
		case *SubQuery:
			mms = append(mms, src.Statement.Sources.Measurements()...)
		}
	}
	return mms
}

// MarshalBinary encodes a list of sources to a binary format.
func (a Sources) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
	var pb internal.Measurements
	pb.Items = make([]*internal.Measurement, len(a))
	for i, source := range a {
		pb.Items[i] = encodeMeasurement(source.(*Measurement))
	}
	return proto.Marshal(&pb)
}

// UnmarshalBinary decodes binary data into a list of sources.
func (a *Sources) UnmarshalBinary(buf []byte) error {
	var pb internal.Measurements
	if err := proto.Unmarshal(buf, &pb); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	*a = make(Sources, len(pb.GetItems()))
	for i := range pb.GetItems() {
		mm, err := decodeMeasurement(pb.GetItems()[i])
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		(*a)[i] = mm
	}
	return nil
}

// IsSystemName returns true if name is an internal system name.
func IsSystemName(name string) bool {
	switch name {
	case "_fieldKeys",
		"_measurements",
		"_series",
		"_tagKeys",
		"_tags":
		return true
	default:
		return false
	}
}

// SortField represents a field to sort results by.
type SortField struct {
	// Name of the field.
	Name string

	// Sort order.
	Ascending bool
}

// String returns a string representation of a sort field.
func (field *SortField) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	if field.Name != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(field.Name)
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ")
	}
	if field.Ascending {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString("ASC")
	} else {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString("DESC")
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// SortFields represents an ordered list of ORDER BY fields.
type SortFields []*SortField

// String returns a string representation of sort fields.
func (a SortFields) String() string {
	fields := make([]string, 0, len(a))
	for _, field := range a {
		fields = append(fields, field.String())
	}
	return strings.Join(fields, ", ")
}

// CreateDatabaseStatement represents a command for creating a new database.
type CreateDatabaseStatement struct {
	// Name of the database to be created.
	Name string

	// RetentionPolicyCreate indicates whether the user explicitly wants to create a retention policy.
	RetentionPolicyCreate bool

	// RetentionPolicyDuration indicates retention duration for the new database.
	RetentionPolicyDuration *time.Duration

	// RetentionPolicyReplication indicates retention replication for the new database.
	RetentionPolicyReplication *int

	// RetentionPolicyName indicates retention name for the new database.
	RetentionPolicyName string

	// RetentionPolicyShardGroupDuration indicates shard group duration for the new database.
	RetentionPolicyShardGroupDuration time.Duration
}

// String returns a string representation of the create database statement.
func (s *CreateDatabaseStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("CREATE DATABASE ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Name))
	if s.RetentionPolicyCreate {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" WITH")
		if s.RetentionPolicyDuration != nil {
			_, _ = buf.WriteString(" DURATION ")
			_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.RetentionPolicyDuration.String())
		}
		if s.RetentionPolicyReplication != nil {
			_, _ = buf.WriteString(" REPLICATION ")
			_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(*s.RetentionPolicyReplication))
		}
		if s.RetentionPolicyShardGroupDuration > 0 {
			_, _ = buf.WriteString(" SHARD DURATION ")
			_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.RetentionPolicyShardGroupDuration.String())
		}
		if s.RetentionPolicyName != "" {
			_, _ = buf.WriteString(" NAME ")
			_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.RetentionPolicyName))
		}
	}

	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a CreateDatabaseStatement.
func (s *CreateDatabaseStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// DropDatabaseStatement represents a command to drop a database.
type DropDatabaseStatement struct {
	// Name of the database to be dropped.
	Name string
}

// String returns a string representation of the drop database statement.
func (s *DropDatabaseStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("DROP DATABASE ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Name))
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a DropDatabaseStatement.
func (s *DropDatabaseStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// DropRetentionPolicyStatement represents a command to drop a retention policy from a database.
type DropRetentionPolicyStatement struct {
	// Name of the policy to drop.
	Name string

	// Name of the database to drop the policy from.
	Database string
}

// String returns a string representation of the drop retention policy statement.
func (s *DropRetentionPolicyStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("DROP RETENTION POLICY ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Name))
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ON ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Database))
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a DropRetentionPolicyStatement.
func (s *DropRetentionPolicyStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: s.Database, Privilege: WritePrivilege}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *DropRetentionPolicyStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.Database
}

// CreateUserStatement represents a command for creating a new user.
type CreateUserStatement struct {
	// Name of the user to be created.
	Name string

	// User's password.
	Password string

	// User's admin privilege.
	Admin bool
}

// String returns a string representation of the create user statement.
func (s *CreateUserStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("CREATE USER ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Name))
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" WITH PASSWORD ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("[REDACTED]")
	if s.Admin {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" WITH ALL PRIVILEGES")
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege(s) required to execute a CreateUserStatement.
func (s *CreateUserStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// DropUserStatement represents a command for dropping a user.
type DropUserStatement struct {
	// Name of the user to drop.
	Name string
}

// String returns a string representation of the drop user statement.
func (s *DropUserStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("DROP USER ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Name))
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege(s) required to execute a DropUserStatement.
func (s *DropUserStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// Privilege is a type of action a user can be granted the right to use.
type Privilege int

const (
	// NoPrivileges means no privileges required / granted / revoked.
	NoPrivileges Privilege = iota
	// ReadPrivilege means read privilege required / granted / revoked.
	ReadPrivilege
	// WritePrivilege means write privilege required / granted / revoked.
	WritePrivilege
	// AllPrivileges means all privileges required / granted / revoked.
	AllPrivileges
)

// NewPrivilege returns an initialized *Privilege.
func NewPrivilege(p Privilege) *Privilege { return &p }

// String returns a string representation of a Privilege.
func (p Privilege) String() string {
	switch p {
	case NoPrivileges:
		return "NO PRIVILEGES"
	case ReadPrivilege:
		return "READ"
	case WritePrivilege:
		return "WRITE"
	case AllPrivileges:
		return "ALL PRIVILEGES"
	}
	return ""
}

// GrantStatement represents a command for granting a privilege.
type GrantStatement struct {
	// The privilege to be granted.
	Privilege Privilege

	// Database to grant the privilege to.
	On string

	// Who to grant the privilege to.
	User string
}

// String returns a string representation of the grant statement.
func (s *GrantStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("GRANT ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Privilege.String())
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ON ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.On))
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" TO ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.User))
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a GrantStatement.
func (s *GrantStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *GrantStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.On
}

// GrantAdminStatement represents a command for granting admin privilege.
type GrantAdminStatement struct {
	// Who to grant the privilege to.
	User string
}

// String returns a string representation of the grant admin statement.
func (s *GrantAdminStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES TO ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.User))
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a GrantAdminStatement.
func (s *GrantAdminStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// KillQueryStatement represents a command for killing a query.
type KillQueryStatement struct {
	// The query to kill.
	QueryID uint64

	// The host to delegate the kill to.
	Host string
}

// String returns a string representation of the kill query statement.
func (s *KillQueryStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("KILL QUERY ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.FormatUint(s.QueryID, 10))
	if s.Host != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ON ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Host))
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a KillQueryStatement.
func (s *KillQueryStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// SetPasswordUserStatement represents a command for changing user password.
type SetPasswordUserStatement struct {
	// Plain-text password.
	Password string

	// Who to grant the privilege to.
	Name string
}

// String returns a string representation of the set password statement.
func (s *SetPasswordUserStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("SET PASSWORD FOR ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Name))
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" = ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("[REDACTED]")
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a SetPasswordUserStatement.
func (s *SetPasswordUserStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// RevokeStatement represents a command to revoke a privilege from a user.
type RevokeStatement struct {
	// The privilege to be revoked.
	Privilege Privilege

	// Database to revoke the privilege from.
	On string

	// Who to revoke privilege from.
	User string
}

// String returns a string representation of the revoke statement.
func (s *RevokeStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("REVOKE ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Privilege.String())
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ON ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.On))
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" FROM ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.User))
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a RevokeStatement.
func (s *RevokeStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *RevokeStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.On
}

// RevokeAdminStatement represents a command to revoke admin privilege from a user.
type RevokeAdminStatement struct {
	// Who to revoke admin privilege from.
	User string
}

// String returns a string representation of the revoke admin statement.
func (s *RevokeAdminStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES FROM ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.User))
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a RevokeAdminStatement.
func (s *RevokeAdminStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// CreateRetentionPolicyStatement represents a command to create a retention policy.
type CreateRetentionPolicyStatement struct {
	// Name of policy to create.
	Name string

	// Name of database this policy belongs to.
	Database string

	// Duration data written to this policy will be retained.
	Duration time.Duration

	// Replication factor for data written to this policy.
	Replication int

	// Should this policy be set as default for the database?
	Default bool

	// Shard Duration.
	ShardGroupDuration time.Duration
}

// String returns a string representation of the create retention policy.
func (s *CreateRetentionPolicyStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("CREATE RETENTION POLICY ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Name))
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ON ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Database))
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" DURATION ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(FormatDuration(s.Duration))
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" REPLICATION ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.Replication))
	if s.ShardGroupDuration > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" SHARD DURATION ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(FormatDuration(s.ShardGroupDuration))
	}
	if s.Default {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" DEFAULT")
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a CreateRetentionPolicyStatement.
func (s *CreateRetentionPolicyStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *CreateRetentionPolicyStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.Database
}

// AlterRetentionPolicyStatement represents a command to alter an existing retention policy.
type AlterRetentionPolicyStatement struct {
	// Name of policy to alter.
	Name string

	// Name of the database this policy belongs to.
	Database string

	// Duration data written to this policy will be retained.
	Duration *time.Duration

	// Replication factor for data written to this policy.
	Replication *int

	// Should this policy be set as defalut for the database?
	Default bool

	// Duration of the Shard.
	ShardGroupDuration *time.Duration
}

// String returns a string representation of the alter retention policy statement.
func (s *AlterRetentionPolicyStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("ALTER RETENTION POLICY ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Name))
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ON ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Database))

	if s.Duration != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" DURATION ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(FormatDuration(*s.Duration))
	}

	if s.Replication != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" REPLICATION ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(*s.Replication))
	}

	if s.ShardGroupDuration != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" SHARD DURATION ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(FormatDuration(*s.ShardGroupDuration))
	}

	if s.Default {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" DEFAULT")
	}

	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute an AlterRetentionPolicyStatement.
func (s *AlterRetentionPolicyStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *AlterRetentionPolicyStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.Database
}

// FillOption represents different options for filling aggregate windows.
type FillOption int

const (
	// NullFill means that empty aggregate windows will just have null values.
	NullFill FillOption = iota
	// NoFill means that empty aggregate windows will be purged from the result.
	NoFill
	// NumberFill means that empty aggregate windows will be filled with a provided number.
	NumberFill
	// PreviousFill means that empty aggregate windows will be filled with whatever the previous aggregate window had.
	PreviousFill
	// LinearFill means that empty aggregate windows will be filled with whatever a linear value between non null windows.
	LinearFill
)

// SelectStatement represents a command for extracting data from the database.
type SelectStatement struct {
	// Expressions returned from the selection.
	Fields Fields

	// Target (destination) for the result of a SELECT INTO query.
	Target *Target

	// Expressions used for grouping the selection.
	Dimensions Dimensions

	// Data sources (measurements) that fields are extracted from.
	Sources Sources

	// An expression evaluated on data point.
	Condition Expr

	// Fields to sort results by.
	SortFields SortFields

	// Maximum number of rows to be returned. Unlimited if zero.
	Limit int

	// Returns rows starting at an offset from the first row.
	Offset int

	// Maxiumum number of series to be returned. Unlimited if zero.
	SLimit int

	// Returns series starting at an offset from the first one.
	SOffset int

	// Memoized group by interval from GroupBy().
	groupByInterval time.Duration

	// Whether it's a query for raw data values (i.e. not an aggregate).
	IsRawQuery bool

	// What fill option the select statement uses, if any.
	Fill FillOption

	// The value to fill empty aggregate buckets with, if any.
	FillValue interface{}

	// The timezone for the query, if any.
	Location *time.Location

	// Renames the implicit time field name.
	TimeAlias string

	// Removes the "time" column from the output.
	OmitTime bool

	// Removes duplicate rows from raw queries.
	Dedupe bool
}

// HasDerivative returns true if any function call in the statement is a
// derivative aggregate.
func (s *SelectStatement) HasDerivative() bool {
	for _, f := range s.FunctionCalls() {
		if f.Name == "derivative" || f.Name == "non_negative_derivative" {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

// IsSimpleDerivative return true if any function call is a derivative function with a
// variable ref as the first arg.
func (s *SelectStatement) IsSimpleDerivative() bool {
	for _, f := range s.FunctionCalls() {
		if f.Name == "derivative" || f.Name == "non_negative_derivative" {
			// it's nested if the first argument is an aggregate function
			if _, ok := f.Args[0].(*VarRef); ok {
				return true
			}
		}
	}
	return false
}

// HasSelector returns true if there is exactly one selector.
func (s *SelectStatement) HasSelector() bool {
	var selector *Call
	for _, f := range s.Fields {
		if call, ok := f.Expr.(*Call); ok {
			if selector != nil || !IsSelector(call) {
				// This is an aggregate call or there is already a selector.
				return false
			}
			selector = call
		}
	}
	return selector != nil
}

// TimeAscending returns true if the time field is sorted in chronological order.
func (s *SelectStatement) TimeAscending() bool {
	return len(s.SortFields) == 0 || s.SortFields[0].Ascending
}

// TimeFieldName returns the name of the time field.
func (s *SelectStatement) TimeFieldName() string {
	if s.TimeAlias != "" {
		return s.TimeAlias
	}
	return "time"
}

// Clone returns a deep copy of the statement.
func (s *SelectStatement) Clone() *SelectStatement {
	clone := *s
	clone.Fields = make(Fields, 0, len(s.Fields))
	clone.Dimensions = make(Dimensions, 0, len(s.Dimensions))
	clone.Sources = cloneSources(s.Sources)
	clone.SortFields = make(SortFields, 0, len(s.SortFields))
	clone.Condition = CloneExpr(s.Condition)

	if s.Target != nil {
		clone.Target = &Target{
			Measurement: &Measurement{
				Database:        s.Target.Measurement.Database,
				RetentionPolicy: s.Target.Measurement.RetentionPolicy,
				Name:            s.Target.Measurement.Name,
				Regex:           CloneRegexLiteral(s.Target.Measurement.Regex),
			},
		}
	}
	for _, f := range s.Fields {
		clone.Fields = append(clone.Fields, &Field{Expr: CloneExpr(f.Expr), Alias: f.Alias})
	}
	for _, d := range s.Dimensions {
		clone.Dimensions = append(clone.Dimensions, &Dimension{Expr: CloneExpr(d.Expr)})
	}
	for _, f := range s.SortFields {
		clone.SortFields = append(clone.SortFields, &SortField{Name: f.Name, Ascending: f.Ascending})
	}
	return &clone
}

func cloneSources(sources Sources) Sources {
	clone := make(Sources, 0, len(sources))
	for _, s := range sources {
		clone = append(clone, cloneSource(s))
	}
	return clone
}

func cloneSource(s Source) Source {
	if s == nil {
		return nil
	}

	switch s := s.(type) {
	case *Measurement:
		m := &Measurement{Database: s.Database, RetentionPolicy: s.RetentionPolicy, Name: s.Name}
		if s.Regex != nil {
			m.Regex = &RegexLiteral{Val: regexp.MustCompile(s.Regex.Val.String())}
		}
		return m
	case *SubQuery:
		return &SubQuery{Statement: s.Statement.Clone()}
	default:
		panic("unreachable")
	}
}

// RewriteFields returns the re-written form of the select statement. Any wildcard query
// fields are replaced with the supplied fields, and any wildcard GROUP BY fields are replaced
// with the supplied dimensions. Any fields with no type specifier are rewritten with the
// appropriate type.
func (s *SelectStatement) RewriteFields(m FieldMapper) (*SelectStatement, error) {
	// Clone the statement so we aren't rewriting the original.
	other := s.Clone()

	// Iterate through the sources and rewrite any subqueries first.
	for _, src := range other.Sources {
		switch src := src.(type) {
		case *SubQuery:
			stmt, err := src.Statement.RewriteFields(m)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			src.Statement = stmt
		}
	}

	// Rewrite all variable references in the fields with their types if one
	// hasn't been specified.
	rewrite := func(n Node) {
		ref, ok := n.(*VarRef)
		if !ok || (ref.Type != Unknown && ref.Type != AnyField) {
			return
		}

		typ := EvalType(ref, other.Sources, m)
		if typ == Tag && ref.Type == AnyField {
			return
		}
		ref.Type = typ
	}
	WalkFunc(other.Fields, rewrite)
	WalkFunc(other.Condition, rewrite)

	// Ignore if there are no wildcards.
	hasFieldWildcard := other.HasFieldWildcard()
	hasDimensionWildcard := other.HasDimensionWildcard()
	if !hasFieldWildcard && !hasDimensionWildcard {
		return other, nil
	}

	fieldSet, dimensionSet, err := FieldDimensions(other.Sources, m)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// If there are no dimension wildcards then merge dimensions to fields.
	if !hasDimensionWildcard {
		// Remove the dimensions present in the group by so they don't get added as fields.
		for _, d := range other.Dimensions {
			switch expr := d.Expr.(type) {
			case *VarRef:
				if _, ok := dimensionSet[expr.Val]; ok {
					delete(dimensionSet, expr.Val)
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// Sort the field and dimension names for wildcard expansion.
	var fields []VarRef
	if len(fieldSet) > 0 {
		fields = make([]VarRef, 0, len(fieldSet))
		for name, typ := range fieldSet {
			fields = append(fields, VarRef{Val: name, Type: typ})
		}
		if !hasDimensionWildcard {
			for name := range dimensionSet {
				fields = append(fields, VarRef{Val: name, Type: Tag})
			}
			dimensionSet = nil
		}
		sort.Sort(VarRefs(fields))
	}
	dimensions := stringSetSlice(dimensionSet)

	// Rewrite all wildcard query fields
	if hasFieldWildcard {
		// Allocate a slice assuming there is exactly one wildcard for efficiency.
		rwFields := make(Fields, 0, len(other.Fields)+len(fields)-1)
		for _, f := range other.Fields {
			switch expr := f.Expr.(type) {
			case *Wildcard:
				for _, ref := range fields {
					if expr.Type == FIELD && ref.Type == Tag {
						continue
					} else if expr.Type == TAG && ref.Type != Tag {
						continue
					}
					rwFields = append(rwFields, &Field{Expr: &VarRef{Val: ref.Val, Type: ref.Type}})
				}
			case *RegexLiteral:
				for _, ref := range fields {
					if expr.Val.MatchString(ref.Val) {
						rwFields = append(rwFields, &Field{Expr: &VarRef{Val: ref.Val, Type: ref.Type}})
					}
				}
			case *Call:
				// Clone a template that we can modify and use for new fields.
				template := CloneExpr(expr).(*Call)

				// Search for the call with a wildcard by continuously descending until
				// we no longer have a call.
				call := template
				for len(call.Args) > 0 {
					arg, ok := call.Args[0].(*Call)
					if !ok {
						break
					}
					call = arg
				}

				// Check if this field value is a wildcard.
				if len(call.Args) == 0 {
					rwFields = append(rwFields, f)
					continue
				}

				// Retrieve if this is a wildcard or a regular expression.
				var re *regexp.Regexp
				switch expr := call.Args[0].(type) {
				case *Wildcard:
					if expr.Type == TAG {
						return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to use tag wildcard in %s()", call.Name)
					}
				case *RegexLiteral:
					re = expr.Val
				default:
					rwFields = append(rwFields, f)
					continue
				}

				// All types that can expand wildcards support float and integer.
				supportedTypes := map[DataType]struct{}{
					Float:   struct{}{},
					Integer: struct{}{},
				}

				// Add additional types for certain functions.
				switch call.Name {
				case "count", "first", "last", "distinct", "elapsed", "mode", "sample":
					supportedTypes[String] = struct{}{}
					fallthrough
				case "min", "max":
					supportedTypes[Boolean] = struct{}{}
				}

				for _, ref := range fields {
					// Do not expand tags within a function call. It likely won't do anything
					// anyway and will be the wrong thing in 99% of cases.
					if ref.Type == Tag {
						continue
					} else if _, ok := supportedTypes[ref.Type]; !ok {
						continue
					} else if re != nil && !re.MatchString(ref.Val) {
						continue
					}

					// Make a new expression and replace the wildcard within this cloned expression.
					call.Args[0] = &VarRef{Val: ref.Val, Type: ref.Type}
					rwFields = append(rwFields, &Field{
						Expr:  CloneExpr(template),
						Alias: fmt.Sprintf("%s_%s", f.Name(), ref.Val),
					})
				}
			case *BinaryExpr:
				// Search for regexes or wildcards within the binary
				// expression. If we find any, throw an error indicating that
				// it's illegal.
				var regex, wildcard bool
				WalkFunc(expr, func(n Node) {
					switch n.(type) {
					case *RegexLiteral:
						regex = true
					case *Wildcard:
						wildcard = true
					}
				})

				if wildcard {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported expression with wildcard: %s", f.Expr)
				} else if regex {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported expression with regex field: %s", f.Expr)
				}
				rwFields = append(rwFields, f)
			default:
				rwFields = append(rwFields, f)
			}
		}
		other.Fields = rwFields
	}

	// Rewrite all wildcard GROUP BY fields
	if hasDimensionWildcard {
		// Allocate a slice assuming there is exactly one wildcard for efficiency.
		rwDimensions := make(Dimensions, 0, len(other.Dimensions)+len(dimensions)-1)
		for _, d := range other.Dimensions {
			switch expr := d.Expr.(type) {
			case *Wildcard:
				for _, name := range dimensions {
					rwDimensions = append(rwDimensions, &Dimension{Expr: &VarRef{Val: name}})
				}
			case *RegexLiteral:
				for _, name := range dimensions {
					if expr.Val.MatchString(name) {
						rwDimensions = append(rwDimensions, &Dimension{Expr: &VarRef{Val: name}})
					}
				}
			default:
				rwDimensions = append(rwDimensions, d)
			}
		}
		other.Dimensions = rwDimensions
	}

	return other, nil
}

// RewriteRegexConditions rewrites regex conditions to make better use of the
// database index.
//
// Conditions that can currently be simplified are:
//
//     - host =~ /^foo$/ becomes host = 'foo'
//     - host !~ /^foo$/ becomes host != 'foo'
//
// Note: if the regex contains groups, character classes, repetition or
// similar, it's likely it won't be rewritten. In order to support rewriting
// regexes with these characters would be a lot more work.
func (s *SelectStatement) RewriteRegexConditions() {
	s.Condition = RewriteExpr(s.Condition, func(e Expr) Expr {
		be, ok := e.(*BinaryExpr)
		if !ok || (be.Op != EQREGEX && be.Op != NEQREGEX) {
			// This expression is not a binary condition or doesn't have a
			// regex based operator.
			return e
		}

		// Handle regex-based condition.
		rhs := be.RHS.(*RegexLiteral) // This must be a regex.

		val, ok := matchExactRegex(rhs.Val.String())
		if !ok {
			// Regex didn't match.
			return e
		}

		// Remove leading and trailing ^ and $.
		be.RHS = &StringLiteral{Val: val}

		// Update the condition operator.
		if be.Op == EQREGEX {
			be.Op = EQ
		} else {
			be.Op = NEQ
		}
		return be
	})
}

// matchExactRegex matches regexes that have the following form: /^foo$/. It
// considers /^$/ to be a matching regex.
func matchExactRegex(v string) (string, bool) {
	re, err := syntax.Parse(v, syntax.Perl)
	if err != nil {
		// Nothing we can do or log.
		return "", false
	}

	if re.Op != syntax.OpConcat {
		return "", false
	}

	if len(re.Sub) < 2 || len(re.Sub) > 3 {
		// Regex has too few or too many subexpressions.
		return "", false
	}

	start := re.Sub[0]
	if !(start.Op == syntax.OpBeginLine || start.Op == syntax.OpBeginText) {
		// Regex does not begin with ^
		return "", false
	}

	end := re.Sub[len(re.Sub)-1]
	if !(end.Op == syntax.OpEndLine || end.Op == syntax.OpEndText) {
		// Regex does not end with $
		return "", false
	}

	if len(re.Sub) == 3 {
		middle := re.Sub[1]
		if middle.Op != syntax.OpLiteral || middle.Flags^syntax.Perl != 0 {
			// Regex does not contain a literal op.
			return "", false
		}

		// We can rewrite this regex.
		return string(middle.Rune), true
	}

	// The regex /^$/
	return "", true
}

// RewriteDistinct rewrites the expression to be a call for map/reduce to work correctly.
// This method assumes all validation has passed.
func (s *SelectStatement) RewriteDistinct() {
	WalkFunc(s.Fields, func(n Node) {
		switch n := n.(type) {
		case *Field:
			if expr, ok := n.Expr.(*Distinct); ok {
				n.Expr = expr.NewCall()
				s.IsRawQuery = false
			}
		case *Call:
			for i, arg := range n.Args {
				if arg, ok := arg.(*Distinct); ok {
					n.Args[i] = arg.NewCall()
				}
			}
		}
	})
}

// RewriteTimeFields removes any "time" field references.
func (s *SelectStatement) RewriteTimeFields() {
	for i := 0; i < len(s.Fields); i++ {
		switch expr := s.Fields[i].Expr.(type) {
		case *VarRef:
			if expr.Val == "time" {
				s.TimeAlias = s.Fields[i].Alias
				s.Fields = append(s.Fields[:i], s.Fields[i+1:]...)
			}
		}
	}
}

// RewriteTimeCondition adds time constraints to aggregate queries.
func (s *SelectStatement) RewriteTimeCondition(now time.Time) error {
	interval, err := s.GroupByInterval()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	} else if interval > 0 && s.Condition != nil {
		_, tmax, err := TimeRange(s.Condition, s.Location)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		if tmax.IsZero() {
			s.Condition = &BinaryExpr{
				Op:  AND,
				LHS: s.Condition,
				RHS: &BinaryExpr{
					Op:  LTE,
					LHS: &VarRef{Val: "time"},
					RHS: &TimeLiteral{Val: now},
				},
			}
		}
	}

	for _, source := range s.Sources {
		switch source := source.(type) {
		case *SubQuery:
			if err := source.Statement.RewriteTimeCondition(now); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// ColumnNames will walk all fields and functions and return the appropriate field names for the select statement
// while maintaining order of the field names.
func (s *SelectStatement) ColumnNames() []string {
	// First walk each field to determine the number of columns.
	columnFields := Fields{}
	for _, field := range s.Fields {
		columnFields = append(columnFields, field)

		switch f := field.Expr.(type) {
		case *Call:
			if s.Target == nil && (f.Name == "top" || f.Name == "bottom") {
				for _, arg := range f.Args[1:] {
					ref, ok := arg.(*VarRef)
					if ok {
						columnFields = append(columnFields, &Field{Expr: ref})
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// Determine if we should add an extra column for an implicit time.
	offset := 0
	if !s.OmitTime {
		offset++
	}

	columnNames := make([]string, len(columnFields)+offset)
	if !s.OmitTime {
		// Add the implicit time if requested.
		columnNames[0] = s.TimeFieldName()
	}

	// Keep track of the encountered column names.
	names := make(map[string]int)

	// Resolve aliases first.
	for i, col := range columnFields {
		if col.Alias != "" {
			columnNames[i+offset] = col.Alias
			names[col.Alias] = 1
		}
	}

	// Resolve any generated names and resolve conflicts.
	for i, col := range columnFields {
		if columnNames[i+offset] != "" {
			continue
		}

		name := col.Name()
		count, conflict := names[name]
		if conflict {
			for {
				resolvedName := fmt.Sprintf("%s_%d", name, count)
				_, conflict = names[resolvedName]
				if !conflict {
					names[name] = count + 1
					name = resolvedName
					break
				}
				count++
			}
		}
		names[name]++
		columnNames[i+offset] = name
	}
	return columnNames
}

// FieldExprByName returns the expression that matches the field name and the
// index where this was found. If the name matches one of the arguments to
// "top" or "bottom", the variable reference inside of the function is returned
// and the index is of the function call rather than the variable reference.
// If no expression is found, -1 is returned for the index and the expression
// will be nil.
func (s *SelectStatement) FieldExprByName(name string) (int, Expr) {
	for i, f := range s.Fields {
		if f.Name() == name {
			return i, f.Expr
		} else if call, ok := f.Expr.(*Call); ok && (call.Name == "top" || call.Name == "bottom") && len(call.Args) > 2 {
			for _, arg := range call.Args[1 : len(call.Args)-1] {
				if arg, ok := arg.(*VarRef); ok && arg.Val == name {
					return i, arg
				}
			}
		}
	}
	return -1, nil
}

// Reduce calls the Reduce function on the different components of the
// SelectStatement to reduce the statement.
func (s *SelectStatement) Reduce(valuer Valuer) *SelectStatement {
	stmt := s.Clone()
	stmt.Condition = Reduce(stmt.Condition, valuer)
	for _, d := range stmt.Dimensions {
		d.Expr = Reduce(d.Expr, valuer)
	}

	for _, source := range stmt.Sources {
		switch source := source.(type) {
		case *SubQuery:
			source.Statement = source.Statement.Reduce(valuer)
		}
	}
	return stmt
}

// HasTimeFieldSpecified will walk all fields and determine if the user explicitly asked for time.
// This is needed to determine re-write behaviors for functions like TOP and BOTTOM.
func (s *SelectStatement) HasTimeFieldSpecified() bool {
	for _, f := range s.Fields {
		if f.Name() == "time" {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

// String returns a string representation of the select statement.
func (s *SelectStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("SELECT ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Fields.String())

	if s.Target != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Target.String())
	}
	if len(s.Sources) > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" FROM ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Sources.String())
	}
	if s.Condition != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" WHERE ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Condition.String())
	}
	if len(s.Dimensions) > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" GROUP BY ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Dimensions.String())
	}
	switch s.Fill {
	case NoFill:
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" fill(none)")
	case NumberFill:
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(" fill(%v)", s.FillValue))
	case LinearFill:
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" fill(linear)")
	case PreviousFill:
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" fill(previous)")
	}
	if len(s.SortFields) > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ORDER BY ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.SortFields.String())
	}
	if s.Limit > 0 {
		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(&buf, " LIMIT %d", s.Limit)
	}
	if s.Offset > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" OFFSET ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.Offset))
	}
	if s.SLimit > 0 {
		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(&buf, " SLIMIT %d", s.SLimit)
	}
	if s.SOffset > 0 {
		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(&buf, " SOFFSET %d", s.SOffset)
	}
	if s.Location != nil {
		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(&buf, ` TZ('%s')`, s.Location)
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute the SelectStatement.
// NOTE: Statement should be normalized first (database name(s) in Sources and
// Target should be populated). If the statement has not been normalized, an
// empty string will be returned for the database name and it is up to the caller
// to interpret that as the default database.
func (s *SelectStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	ep := ExecutionPrivileges{}
	for _, source := range s.Sources {
		switch source := source.(type) {
		case *Measurement:
			ep = append(ep, ExecutionPrivilege{
				Name:      source.Database,
				Privilege: ReadPrivilege,
			})
		case *SubQuery:
			privs, err := source.Statement.RequiredPrivileges()
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			ep = append(ep, privs...)
		default:
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid source: %s", source)
		}
	}

	if s.Target != nil {
		p := ExecutionPrivilege{Admin: false, Name: s.Target.Measurement.Database, Privilege: WritePrivilege}
		ep = append(ep, p)
	}
	return ep, nil
}

// HasWildcard returns whether or not the select statement has at least 1 wildcard.
func (s *SelectStatement) HasWildcard() bool {
	return s.HasFieldWildcard() || s.HasDimensionWildcard()
}

// HasFieldWildcard returns whether or not the select statement has at least 1 wildcard in the fields.
func (s *SelectStatement) HasFieldWildcard() (hasWildcard bool) {
	WalkFunc(s.Fields, func(n Node) {
		if hasWildcard {
			return
		}
		switch n.(type) {
		case *Wildcard, *RegexLiteral:
			hasWildcard = true
		}
	})
	return hasWildcard
}

// HasDimensionWildcard returns whether or not the select statement has
// at least 1 wildcard in the dimensions aka `GROUP BY`.
func (s *SelectStatement) HasDimensionWildcard() bool {
	for _, d := range s.Dimensions {
		switch d.Expr.(type) {
		case *Wildcard, *RegexLiteral:
			return true
		}
	}

	return false
}

func (s *SelectStatement) validate(tr targetRequirement) error {
	if err := s.validateFields(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := s.validateDimensions(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := s.validateDistinct(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := s.validateTopBottom(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := s.validateAggregates(tr); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := s.validateFill(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func (s *SelectStatement) validateFields() error {
	ns := s.NamesInSelect()
	if len(ns) == 1 && ns[0] == "time" {
		return fmt.Errorf("at least 1 non-time field must be queried")
	}

	for _, f := range s.Fields {
		switch expr := f.Expr.(type) {
		case *BinaryExpr:
			if err := expr.validate(); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *SelectStatement) validateDimensions() error {
	var dur time.Duration
	for _, dim := range s.Dimensions {
		switch expr := dim.Expr.(type) {
		case *Call:
			// Ensure the call is time() and it has one or two duration arguments.
			// If we already have a duration
			if expr.Name != "time" {
				return errors.New("only time() calls allowed in dimensions")
			} else if got := len(expr.Args); got < 1 || got > 2 {
				return errors.New("time dimension expected 1 or 2 arguments")
			} else if lit, ok := expr.Args[0].(*DurationLiteral); !ok {
				return errors.New("time dimension must have duration argument")
			} else if dur != 0 {
				return errors.New("multiple time dimensions not allowed")
			} else {
				dur = lit.Val
				if len(expr.Args) == 2 {
					switch lit := expr.Args[1].(type) {
					case *DurationLiteral:
						// noop
					case *Call:
						if lit.Name != "now" {
							return errors.New("time dimension offset function must be now()")
						} else if len(lit.Args) != 0 {
							return errors.New("time dimension offset now() function requires no arguments")
						}
					default:
						return errors.New("time dimension offset must be duration or now()")
					}
				}
			}
		case *VarRef:
			if strings.ToLower(expr.Val) == "time" {
				return errors.New("time() is a function and expects at least one argument")
			}
		case *Wildcard:
		case *RegexLiteral:
		default:
			return errors.New("only time and tag dimensions allowed")
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// validSelectWithAggregate determines if a SELECT statement has the correct
// combination of aggregate functions combined with selected fields and tags
// Currently we don't have support for all aggregates, but aggregates that
// can be combined with fields/tags are:
//  TOP, BOTTOM, MAX, MIN, FIRST, LAST
func (s *SelectStatement) validSelectWithAggregate() error {
	calls := map[string]struct{}{}
	numAggregates := 0
	for _, f := range s.Fields {
		fieldCalls := walkFunctionCalls(f.Expr)
		for _, c := range fieldCalls {
			calls[c.Name] = struct{}{}
		}
		if len(fieldCalls) != 0 {
			numAggregates++
		}
	}
	// For TOP, BOTTOM, MAX, MIN, FIRST, LAST, PERCENTILE (selector functions) it is ok to ask for fields and tags
	// but only if one function is specified.  Combining multiple functions and fields and tags is not currently supported
	onlySelectors := true
	for k := range calls {
		switch k {
		case "top", "bottom", "max", "min", "first", "last", "percentile", "sample":
		default:
			onlySelectors = false
			break
		}
	}
	if onlySelectors {
		// If they only have one selector, they can have as many fields or tags as they want
		if numAggregates == 1 {
			return nil
		}
		// If they have multiple selectors, they are not allowed to have any other fields or tags specified
		if numAggregates > 1 && len(s.Fields) != numAggregates {
			return fmt.Errorf("mixing multiple selector functions with tags or fields is not supported")
		}
	}

	if numAggregates != 0 && numAggregates != len(s.Fields) {
		return fmt.Errorf("mixing aggregate and non-aggregate queries is not supported")
	}
	return nil
}

// validTopBottomAggr determines if TOP or BOTTOM aggregates have valid arguments.
func (s *SelectStatement) validTopBottomAggr(expr *Call) error {
	if exp, got := 2, len(expr.Args); got < exp {
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of arguments for %s, expected at least %d, got %d", expr.Name, exp, got)
	}
	if len(expr.Args) > 1 {
		callLimit, ok := expr.Args[len(expr.Args)-1].(*IntegerLiteral)
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("expected integer as last argument in %s(), found %s", expr.Name, expr.Args[len(expr.Args)-1])
		}
		// Check if they asked for a limit smaller than what they passed into the call
		if int64(callLimit.Val) > int64(s.Limit) && s.Limit != 0 {
			return fmt.Errorf("limit (%d) in %s function can not be larger than the LIMIT (%d) in the select statement", int64(callLimit.Val), expr.Name, int64(s.Limit))
		}

		for _, v := range expr.Args[:len(expr.Args)-1] {
			if _, ok := v.(*VarRef); !ok {
				return fmt.Errorf("only fields or tags are allowed in %s(), found %s", expr.Name, v)
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// validPercentileAggr determines if the call to PERCENTILE has valid arguments.
func (s *SelectStatement) validPercentileAggr(expr *Call) error {
	if err := s.validSelectWithAggregate(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if exp, got := 2, len(expr.Args); got != exp {
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of arguments for %s, expected %d, got %d", expr.Name, exp, got)
	}

	switch expr.Args[0].(type) {
	case *VarRef, *RegexLiteral, *Wildcard:
		// do nothing
	default:
		return fmt.Errorf("expected field argument in percentile()")
	}

	switch expr.Args[1].(type) {
	case *IntegerLiteral, *NumberLiteral:
		return nil
	default:
		return fmt.Errorf("expected float argument in percentile()")
	}
}

// validPercentileAggr determines if the call to SAMPLE has valid arguments.
func (s *SelectStatement) validSampleAggr(expr *Call) error {
	if err := s.validSelectWithAggregate(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if exp, got := 2, len(expr.Args); got != exp {
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of arguments for %s, expected %d, got %d", expr.Name, exp, got)
	}

	switch expr.Args[0].(type) {
	case *VarRef, *RegexLiteral, *Wildcard:
		// do nothing
	default:
		return fmt.Errorf("expected field argument in sample()")
	}

	switch expr.Args[1].(type) {
	case *IntegerLiteral:
		return nil
	default:
		return fmt.Errorf("expected integer argument in sample()")
	}
}

func (s *SelectStatement) validateAggregates(tr targetRequirement) error {
	for _, f := range s.Fields {
		for _, expr := range walkFunctionCalls(f.Expr) {
			switch expr.Name {
			case "derivative", "non_negative_derivative", "difference", "non_negative_difference", "moving_average", "cumulative_sum", "elapsed":
				if err := s.validSelectWithAggregate(); err != nil {
					return err
				}
				switch expr.Name {
				case "derivative", "non_negative_derivative", "elapsed":
					if min, max, got := 1, 2, len(expr.Args); got > max || got < min {
						return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of arguments for %s, expected at least %d but no more than %d, got %d", expr.Name, min, max, got)
					}
					// If a duration arg is passed, make sure it's a duration
					if len(expr.Args) == 2 {
						// Second must be a duration .e.g (1h)
						if _, ok := expr.Args[1].(*DurationLiteral); !ok {
							return fmt.Errorf("second argument to %s must be a duration, got %T", expr.Name, expr.Args[1])
						}
					}
				case "difference", "non_negative_difference", "cumulative_sum":
					if got := len(expr.Args); got != 1 {
						return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of arguments for %s, expected 1, got %d", expr.Name, got)
					}
				case "moving_average":
					if got := len(expr.Args); got != 2 {
						return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of arguments for moving_average, expected 2, got %d", got)
					}

					if lit, ok := expr.Args[1].(*IntegerLiteral); !ok {
						return fmt.Errorf("second argument for moving_average must be an integer, got %T", expr.Args[1])
					} else if lit.Val <= 1 {
						return fmt.Errorf("moving_average window must be greater than 1, got %d", lit.Val)
					} else if int64(int(lit.Val)) != lit.Val {
						return fmt.Errorf("moving_average window too large, got %d", lit.Val)
					}
				}
				// Validate that if they have grouping by time, they need a sub-call like min/max, etc.
				groupByInterval, err := s.GroupByInterval()
				if err != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("invalid group interval: %v", err)
				}

				if c, ok := expr.Args[0].(*Call); ok && groupByInterval == 0 && tr != targetSubquery {
					return fmt.Errorf("%s aggregate requires a GROUP BY interval", expr.Name)
				} else if !ok && groupByInterval > 0 {
					return fmt.Errorf("aggregate function required inside the call to %s", expr.Name)
				} else if ok {
					switch c.Name {
					case "top", "bottom":
						if err := s.validTopBottomAggr(c); err != nil {
							return err
						}
					case "percentile":
						if err := s.validPercentileAggr(c); err != nil {
							return err
						}
					default:
						if exp, got := 1, len(c.Args); got != exp {
							return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of arguments for %s, expected %d, got %d", c.Name, exp, got)
						}

						switch fc := c.Args[0].(type) {
						case *VarRef, *Wildcard, *RegexLiteral:
							// do nothing
						case *Call:
							if fc.Name != "distinct" || expr.Name != "count" {
								return fmt.Errorf("expected field argument in %s()", c.Name)
							} else if exp, got := 1, len(fc.Args); got != exp {
								return fmt.Errorf("count(distinct %s) can only have %d argument(s), got %d", fc.Name, exp, got)
							} else if _, ok := fc.Args[0].(*VarRef); !ok {
								return fmt.Errorf("expected field argument in distinct()")
							}
						case *Distinct:
							if expr.Name != "count" {
								return fmt.Errorf("expected field argument in %s()", c.Name)
							}
						default:
							return fmt.Errorf("expected field argument in %s()", c.Name)
						}
					}
				}
			case "top", "bottom":
				if err := s.validTopBottomAggr(expr); err != nil {
					return err
				}
			case "percentile":
				if err := s.validPercentileAggr(expr); err != nil {
					return err
				}
			case "sample":
				if err := s.validSampleAggr(expr); err != nil {
					return err
				}
			case "integral":
				if err := s.validSelectWithAggregate(); err != nil {
					return err
				}
				if min, max, got := 1, 2, len(expr.Args); got > max || got < min {
					return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of arguments for %s, expected at least %d but no more than %d, got %d", expr.Name, min, max, got)
				}
				// If a duration arg is passed, make sure it's a duration
				if len(expr.Args) == 2 {
					// Second must be a duration .e.g (1h)
					if _, ok := expr.Args[1].(*DurationLiteral); !ok {
						return errors.New("second argument must be a duration")
					}
				}
			case "holt_winters", "holt_winters_with_fit":
				if exp, got := 3, len(expr.Args); got != exp {
					return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of arguments for %s, expected %d, got %d", expr.Name, exp, got)
				}
				// Validate that if they have grouping by time, they need a sub-call like min/max, etc.
				groupByInterval, err := s.GroupByInterval()
				if err != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("invalid group interval: %v", err)
				}

				if _, ok := expr.Args[0].(*Call); ok && groupByInterval == 0 && tr != targetSubquery {
					return fmt.Errorf("%s aggregate requires a GROUP BY interval", expr.Name)
				} else if !ok {
					return fmt.Errorf("must use aggregate function with %s", expr.Name)
				}
				if arg, ok := expr.Args[1].(*IntegerLiteral); !ok {
					return fmt.Errorf("expected integer argument as second arg in %s", expr.Name)
				} else if arg.Val <= 0 {
					return fmt.Errorf("second arg to %s must be greater than 0, got %d", expr.Name, arg.Val)
				}
				if _, ok := expr.Args[2].(*IntegerLiteral); !ok {
					return fmt.Errorf("expected integer argument as third arg in %s", expr.Name)
				}
			default:
				if err := s.validSelectWithAggregate(); err != nil {
					return err
				}
				if exp, got := 1, len(expr.Args); got != exp {
					// Special error message if distinct was used as the argument.
					if expr.Name == "count" && got >= 1 {
						if _, ok := expr.Args[0].(*Distinct); ok {
							return fmt.Errorf("count(distinct <field>) can only have one argument")
						}
					}
					return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of arguments for %s, expected %d, got %d", expr.Name, exp, got)
				}
				switch fc := expr.Args[0].(type) {
				case *VarRef, *Wildcard, *RegexLiteral:
					// do nothing
				case *Call:
					if fc.Name != "distinct" || expr.Name != "count" {
						return fmt.Errorf("expected field argument in %s()", expr.Name)
					} else if exp, got := 1, len(fc.Args); got != exp {
						return fmt.Errorf("count(distinct <field>) can only have one argument")
					} else if _, ok := fc.Args[0].(*VarRef); !ok {
						return fmt.Errorf("expected field argument in distinct()")
					}
				case *Distinct:
					if expr.Name != "count" {
						return fmt.Errorf("expected field argument in %s()", expr.Name)
					}
				default:
					return fmt.Errorf("expected field argument in %s()", expr.Name)
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// Check that we have valid duration and where clauses for aggregates

	// fetch the group by duration
	groupByDuration, _ := s.GroupByInterval()

	// If we have a group by interval, but no aggregate function, it's an invalid statement
	if s.IsRawQuery && groupByDuration > 0 {
		return fmt.Errorf("GROUP BY requires at least one aggregate function")
	}

	// If we have an aggregate function with a group by time without a where clause, it's an invalid statement
	if tr == targetNotRequired { // ignore create continuous query statements
		if err := s.validateTimeExpression(); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if tr != targetSubquery {
		if err := s.validateGroupByInterval(); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// validateFill ensures that the fill option matches the query type.
func (s *SelectStatement) validateFill() error {
	info := newSelectInfo(s)
	if len(info.calls) == 0 {
		switch s.Fill {
		case NoFill:
			return errors.New("fill(none) must be used with a function")
		case LinearFill:
			return errors.New("fill(linear) must be used with a function")
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// validateTimeExpression ensures that any select statements that have a group
// by interval either have a time expression limiting the time range or have a
// parent query that does that.
func (s *SelectStatement) validateTimeExpression() error {
	// If we have a time expression, we and all subqueries are fine.
	if HasTimeExpr(s.Condition) {
		return nil
	}

	// Check if this is not a raw query and if the group by duration exists.
	// If these are true, then we have an error.
	interval, err := s.GroupByInterval()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	} else if !s.IsRawQuery && interval > 0 {
		return fmt.Errorf("aggregate functions with GROUP BY time require a WHERE time clause")
	}

	// Validate the subqueries. If we have a time expression in this select
	// statement, we don't need to do this because parent time ranges propagate
	// to children. So we only execute this when there is no time condition in
	// the parent.
	for _, source := range s.Sources {
		switch source := source.(type) {
		case *SubQuery:
			if err := source.Statement.validateTimeExpression(); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// validateGroupByInterval ensures that a select statement is grouped by an
// interval if it contains certain functions.
func (s *SelectStatement) validateGroupByInterval() error {
	interval, err := s.GroupByInterval()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	} else if interval > 0 {
		// If we have an interval here, that means the interval will propagate
		// into any subqueries and we can just stop looking.
		return nil
	}

	// Check inside of the fields for any of the specific functions that ned a group by interval.
	for _, f := range s.Fields {
		switch expr := f.Expr.(type) {
		case *Call:
			switch expr.Name {
			case "derivative", "non_negative_derivative", "difference", "non_negative_difference", "moving_average", "cumulative_sum", "elapsed", "holt_winters", "holt_winters_with_fit":
				// If the first argument is a call, we needed a group by interval and we don't have one.
				if _, ok := expr.Args[0].(*Call); ok {
					return fmt.Errorf("%s aggregate requires a GROUP BY interval", expr.Name)
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// Validate the subqueries.
	for _, source := range s.Sources {
		switch source := source.(type) {
		case *SubQuery:
			if err := source.Statement.validateGroupByInterval(); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// HasDistinct checks if a select statement contains a call to DISTINCT.
func (s *SelectStatement) HasDistinct() bool {
	for _, f := range s.Fields {
		switch c := f.Expr.(type) {
		case *Call:
			if c.Name == "distinct" {
				return true
			}
		case *Distinct:
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func (s *SelectStatement) validateDistinct() error {
	if !s.HasDistinct() {
		return nil
	}

	if len(s.Fields) > 1 {
		return fmt.Errorf("aggregate function distinct() cannot be combined with other functions or fields")
	}

	switch c := s.Fields[0].Expr.(type) {
	case *Call:
		if len(c.Args) == 0 {
			return fmt.Errorf("distinct function requires at least one argument")
		}

		if len(c.Args) != 1 {
			return fmt.Errorf("distinct function can only have one argument")
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *SelectStatement) validateTopBottom() error {
	// Ensure there are not multiple calls if top/bottom is present.
	info := newSelectInfo(s)
	if len(info.calls) > 1 {
		for call := range info.calls {
			if call.Name == "top" || call.Name == "bottom" {
				return fmt.Errorf("selector function %s() cannot be combined with other functions", call.Name)
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// GroupByInterval extracts the time interval, if specified.
func (s *SelectStatement) GroupByInterval() (time.Duration, error) {
	// return if we've already pulled it out
	if s.groupByInterval != 0 {
		return s.groupByInterval, nil
	}

	// Ignore if there are no dimensions.
	if len(s.Dimensions) == 0 {
		return 0, nil
	}

	for _, d := range s.Dimensions {
		if call, ok := d.Expr.(*Call); ok && call.Name == "time" {
			// Make sure there is exactly one argument.
			if got := len(call.Args); got < 1 || got > 2 {
				return 0, errors.New("time dimension expected 1 or 2 arguments")
			}

			// Ensure the argument is a duration.
			lit, ok := call.Args[0].(*DurationLiteral)
			if !ok {
				return 0, errors.New("time dimension must have duration argument")
			}
			s.groupByInterval = lit.Val
			return lit.Val, nil
		}
	}
	return 0, nil
}

// GroupByOffset extracts the time interval offset, if specified.
func (s *SelectStatement) GroupByOffset() (time.Duration, error) {
	interval, err := s.GroupByInterval()
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}

	// Ignore if there are no dimensions.
	if len(s.Dimensions) == 0 {
		return 0, nil
	}

	for _, d := range s.Dimensions {
		if call, ok := d.Expr.(*Call); ok && call.Name == "time" {
			if len(call.Args) == 2 {
				switch expr := call.Args[1].(type) {
				case *DurationLiteral:
					return expr.Val % interval, nil
				case *TimeLiteral:
					return expr.Val.Sub(expr.Val.Truncate(interval)), nil
				default:
					return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid time dimension offset: %s", expr)
				}
			}
			return 0, nil
		}
	}
	return 0, nil
}

// SetTimeRange sets the start and end time of the select statement to [start, end). i.e. start inclusive, end exclusive.
// This is used commonly for continuous queries so the start and end are in buckets.
func (s *SelectStatement) SetTimeRange(start, end time.Time) error {
	cond := fmt.Sprintf("time >= '%s' AND time < '%s'", start.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339Nano), end.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339Nano))
	if s.Condition != nil {
		cond = fmt.Sprintf("%s AND %s", s.rewriteWithoutTimeDimensions(), cond)
	}

	expr, err := NewParser(strings.NewReader(cond)).ParseExpr()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Fold out any previously replaced time dimensions and set the condition.
	s.Condition = Reduce(expr, nil)

	return nil
}

// rewriteWithoutTimeDimensions will remove any WHERE time... clauses from the select statement.
// This is necessary when setting an explicit time range to override any that previously existed.
func (s *SelectStatement) rewriteWithoutTimeDimensions() string {
	n := RewriteFunc(s.Condition, func(n Node) Node {
		switch n := n.(type) {
		case *BinaryExpr:
			if n.LHS.String() == "time" {
				return &BooleanLiteral{Val: true}
			}
			return n
		case *Call:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: true}
		default:
			return n
		}
	})

	return n.String()
}

// NamesInWhere returns the field and tag names (idents) referenced in the where clause.
func (s *SelectStatement) NamesInWhere() []string {
	var a []string
	if s.Condition != nil {
		a = walkNames(s.Condition)
	}
	return a
}

// NamesInSelect returns the field and tag names (idents) in the select clause.
func (s *SelectStatement) NamesInSelect() []string {
	var a []string

	for _, f := range s.Fields {
		a = append(a, walkNames(f.Expr)...)
	}

	return a
}

// NamesInDimension returns the field and tag names (idents) in the group by clause.
func (s *SelectStatement) NamesInDimension() []string {
	var a []string

	for _, d := range s.Dimensions {
		a = append(a, walkNames(d.Expr)...)
	}

	return a
}

// LimitTagSets returns a tag set list with SLIMIT and SOFFSET applied.
func LimitTagSets(a []*TagSet, slimit, soffset int) []*TagSet {
	// Ignore if no limit or offset is specified.
	if slimit == 0 && soffset == 0 {
		return a
	}

	// If offset is beyond the number of tag sets then return nil.
	if soffset > len(a) {
		return nil
	}

	// Clamp limit to the max number of tag sets.
	if soffset+slimit > len(a) {
		slimit = len(a) - soffset
	}
	return a[soffset : soffset+slimit]
}

// walkNames will walk the Expr and return the identifier names used.
func walkNames(exp Expr) []string {
	switch expr := exp.(type) {
	case *VarRef:
		return []string{expr.Val}
	case *Call:
		var a []string
		for _, expr := range expr.Args {
			if ref, ok := expr.(*VarRef); ok {
				a = append(a, ref.Val)
			}
		}
		return a
	case *BinaryExpr:
		var ret []string
		ret = append(ret, walkNames(expr.LHS)...)
		ret = append(ret, walkNames(expr.RHS)...)
		return ret
	case *ParenExpr:
		return walkNames(expr.Expr)
	}

	return nil
}

// walkRefs will walk the Expr and return the var refs used.
func walkRefs(exp Expr) []VarRef {
	refs := make(map[VarRef]struct{})
	var walk func(exp Expr)
	walk = func(exp Expr) {
		switch expr := exp.(type) {
		case *VarRef:
			refs[*expr] = struct{}{}
		case *Call:
			for _, expr := range expr.Args {
				if ref, ok := expr.(*VarRef); ok {
					refs[*ref] = struct{}{}
				}
			}
		case *BinaryExpr:
			walk(expr.LHS)
			walk(expr.RHS)
		case *ParenExpr:
			walk(expr.Expr)
		}
	}
	walk(exp)

	// Turn the map into a slice.
	a := make([]VarRef, 0, len(refs))
	for ref := range refs {
		a = append(a, ref)
	}
	return a
}

// ExprNames returns a list of non-"time" field names from an expression.
func ExprNames(expr Expr) []VarRef {
	m := make(map[VarRef]struct{})
	for _, ref := range walkRefs(expr) {
		if ref.Val == "time" {
			continue
		}
		m[ref] = struct{}{}
	}

	a := make([]VarRef, 0, len(m))
	for k := range m {
		a = append(a, k)
	}
	sort.Sort(VarRefs(a))

	return a
}

// FunctionCalls returns the Call objects from the query.
func (s *SelectStatement) FunctionCalls() []*Call {
	var a []*Call
	for _, f := range s.Fields {
		a = append(a, walkFunctionCalls(f.Expr)...)
	}
	return a
}

// FunctionCallsByPosition returns the Call objects from the query in the order they appear in the select statement.
func (s *SelectStatement) FunctionCallsByPosition() [][]*Call {
	var a [][]*Call
	for _, f := range s.Fields {
		a = append(a, walkFunctionCalls(f.Expr))
	}
	return a
}

// walkFunctionCalls walks the Expr and returns any function calls made.
func walkFunctionCalls(exp Expr) []*Call {
	switch expr := exp.(type) {
	case *VarRef:
		return nil
	case *Call:
		return []*Call{expr}
	case *BinaryExpr:
		var ret []*Call
		ret = append(ret, walkFunctionCalls(expr.LHS)...)
		ret = append(ret, walkFunctionCalls(expr.RHS)...)
		return ret
	case *ParenExpr:
		return walkFunctionCalls(expr.Expr)
	}

	return nil
}

// MatchSource returns the source name that matches a field name.
// It returns a blank string if no sources match.
func MatchSource(sources Sources, name string) string {
	for _, src := range sources {
		switch src := src.(type) {
		case *Measurement:
			if strings.HasPrefix(name, src.Name) {
				return src.Name
			}
		}
	}
	return ""
}

// Target represents a target (destination) policy, measurement, and DB.
type Target struct {
	// Measurement to write into.
	Measurement *Measurement
}

// String returns a string representation of the Target.
func (t *Target) String() string {
	if t == nil {
		return ""
	}

	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("INTO ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(t.Measurement.String())
	if t.Measurement.Name == "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(":MEASUREMENT")
	}

	return buf.String()
}

// DeleteStatement represents a command for deleting data from the database.
type DeleteStatement struct {
	// Data source that values are removed from.
	Source Source

	// An expression evaluated on data point.
	Condition Expr
}

// String returns a string representation of the delete statement.
func (s *DeleteStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("DELETE FROM ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Source.String())
	if s.Condition != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" WHERE ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Condition.String())
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a DeleteStatement.
func (s *DeleteStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: "", Privilege: WritePrivilege}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *DeleteStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	if m, ok := s.Source.(*Measurement); ok {
		return m.Database
	}
	return ""
}

// ShowSeriesStatement represents a command for listing series in the database.
type ShowSeriesStatement struct {
	// Database to query. If blank, use the default database.
	// The database can also be specified per source in the Sources.
	Database string

	// Measurement(s) the series are listed for.
	Sources Sources

	// An expression evaluated on a series name or tag.
	Condition Expr

	// Fields to sort results by
	SortFields SortFields

	// Maximum number of rows to be returned.
	// Unlimited if zero.
	Limit int

	// Returns rows starting at an offset from the first row.
	Offset int
}

// String returns a string representation of the list series statement.
func (s *ShowSeriesStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("SHOW SERIES")

	if s.Database != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ON ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Database))
	}
	if s.Sources != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" FROM ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Sources.String())
	}

	if s.Condition != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" WHERE ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Condition.String())
	}
	if len(s.SortFields) > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ORDER BY ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.SortFields.String())
	}
	if s.Limit > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" LIMIT ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.Limit))
	}
	if s.Offset > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" OFFSET ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.Offset))
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a ShowSeriesStatement.
func (s *ShowSeriesStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: "", Privilege: ReadPrivilege}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *ShowSeriesStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.Database
}

// DropSeriesStatement represents a command for removing a series from the database.
type DropSeriesStatement struct {
	// Data source that fields are extracted from (optional)
	Sources Sources

	// An expression evaluated on data point (optional)
	Condition Expr
}

// String returns a string representation of the drop series statement.
func (s *DropSeriesStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	buf.WriteString("DROP SERIES")

	if s.Sources != nil {
		buf.WriteString(" FROM ")
		buf.WriteString(s.Sources.String())
	}
	if s.Condition != nil {
		buf.WriteString(" WHERE ")
		buf.WriteString(s.Condition.String())
	}

	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a DropSeriesStatement.
func (s DropSeriesStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: "", Privilege: WritePrivilege}}, nil
}

// DeleteSeriesStatement represents a command for deleting all or part of a series from a database.
type DeleteSeriesStatement struct {
	// Data source that fields are extracted from (optional)
	Sources Sources

	// An expression evaluated on data point (optional)
	Condition Expr
}

// String returns a string representation of the delete series statement.
func (s *DeleteSeriesStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	buf.WriteString("DELETE")

	if s.Sources != nil {
		buf.WriteString(" FROM ")
		buf.WriteString(s.Sources.String())
	}
	if s.Condition != nil {
		buf.WriteString(" WHERE ")
		buf.WriteString(s.Condition.String())
	}

	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a DeleteSeriesStatement.
func (s DeleteSeriesStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: "", Privilege: WritePrivilege}}, nil
}

// DropShardStatement represents a command for removing a shard from
// the node.
type DropShardStatement struct {
	// ID of the shard to be dropped.
	ID uint64
}

// String returns a string representation of the drop series statement.
func (s *DropShardStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	buf.WriteString("DROP SHARD ")
	buf.WriteString(strconv.FormatUint(s.ID, 10))
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a
// DropShardStatement.
func (s *DropShardStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// ShowContinuousQueriesStatement represents a command for listing continuous queries.
type ShowContinuousQueriesStatement struct{}

// String returns a string representation of the show continuous queries statement.
func (s *ShowContinuousQueriesStatement) String() string { return "SHOW CONTINUOUS QUERIES" }

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a ShowContinuousQueriesStatement.
func (s *ShowContinuousQueriesStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: "", Privilege: ReadPrivilege}}, nil
}

// ShowGrantsForUserStatement represents a command for listing user privileges.
type ShowGrantsForUserStatement struct {
	// Name of the user to display privileges.
	Name string
}

// String returns a string representation of the show grants for user.
func (s *ShowGrantsForUserStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("SHOW GRANTS FOR ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Name))

	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a ShowGrantsForUserStatement
func (s *ShowGrantsForUserStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// ShowDatabasesStatement represents a command for listing all databases in the cluster.
type ShowDatabasesStatement struct{}

// String returns a string representation of the show databases command.
func (s *ShowDatabasesStatement) String() string { return "SHOW DATABASES" }

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a ShowDatabasesStatement.
func (s *ShowDatabasesStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	// SHOW DATABASES is one of few statements that have no required privileges.
	// Anyone is allowed to execute it, but the returned results depend on the user's
	// individual database permissions.
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: "", Privilege: NoPrivileges}}, nil
}

// CreateContinuousQueryStatement represents a command for creating a continuous query.
type CreateContinuousQueryStatement struct {
	// Name of the continuous query to be created.
	Name string

	// Name of the database to create the continuous query on.
	Database string

	// Source of data (SELECT statement).
	Source *SelectStatement

	// Interval to resample previous queries.
	ResampleEvery time.Duration

	// Maximum duration to resample previous queries.
	ResampleFor time.Duration
}

// String returns a string representation of the statement.
func (s *CreateContinuousQueryStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "CREATE CONTINUOUS QUERY %s ON %s ", QuoteIdent(s.Name), QuoteIdent(s.Database))

	if s.ResampleEvery > 0 || s.ResampleFor > 0 {
		buf.WriteString("RESAMPLE ")
		if s.ResampleEvery > 0 {
			fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "EVERY %s ", FormatDuration(s.ResampleEvery))
		}
		if s.ResampleFor > 0 {
			fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "FOR %s ", FormatDuration(s.ResampleFor))
		}
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "BEGIN %s END", s.Source.String())
	return buf.String()
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *CreateContinuousQueryStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.Database
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a CreateContinuousQueryStatement.
func (s *CreateContinuousQueryStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	ep := ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: s.Database, Privilege: ReadPrivilege}}

	// Selecting into a database that's different from the source?
	if s.Source.Target.Measurement.Database != "" {
		// Change source database privilege requirement to read.
		ep[0].Privilege = ReadPrivilege

		// Add destination database privilege requirement and set it to write.
		p := ExecutionPrivilege{
			Admin:     false,
			Name:      s.Source.Target.Measurement.Database,
			Privilege: WritePrivilege,
		}
		ep = append(ep, p)
	}

	return ep, nil
}

func (s *CreateContinuousQueryStatement) validate() error {
	interval, err := s.Source.GroupByInterval()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if s.ResampleFor != 0 {
		if s.ResampleEvery != 0 && s.ResampleEvery > interval {
			interval = s.ResampleEvery
		}
		if interval > s.ResampleFor {
			return fmt.Errorf("FOR duration must be >= GROUP BY time duration: must be a minimum of %s, got %s", FormatDuration(interval), FormatDuration(s.ResampleFor))
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// DropContinuousQueryStatement represents a command for removing a continuous query.
type DropContinuousQueryStatement struct {
	Name     string
	Database string
}

// String returns a string representation of the statement.
func (s *DropContinuousQueryStatement) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("DROP CONTINUOUS QUERY %s ON %s", QuoteIdent(s.Name), QuoteIdent(s.Database))
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege(s) required to execute a DropContinuousQueryStatement
func (s *DropContinuousQueryStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: "", Privilege: WritePrivilege}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *DropContinuousQueryStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.Database
}

// ShowMeasurementsStatement represents a command for listing measurements.
type ShowMeasurementsStatement struct {
	// Database to query. If blank, use the default database.
	Database string

	// Measurement name or regex.
	Source Source

	// An expression evaluated on data point.
	Condition Expr

	// Fields to sort results by
	SortFields SortFields

	// Maximum number of rows to be returned.
	// Unlimited if zero.
	Limit int

	// Returns rows starting at an offset from the first row.
	Offset int
}

// String returns a string representation of the statement.
func (s *ShowMeasurementsStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("SHOW MEASUREMENTS")

	if s.Database != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ON ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Database)
	}
	if s.Source != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" WITH MEASUREMENT ")
		if m, ok := s.Source.(*Measurement); ok && m.Regex != nil {
			_, _ = buf.WriteString("=~ ")
		} else {
			_, _ = buf.WriteString("= ")
		}
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Source.String())
	}
	if s.Condition != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" WHERE ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Condition.String())
	}
	if len(s.SortFields) > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ORDER BY ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.SortFields.String())
	}
	if s.Limit > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" LIMIT ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.Limit))
	}
	if s.Offset > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" OFFSET ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.Offset))
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege(s) required to execute a ShowMeasurementsStatement.
func (s *ShowMeasurementsStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: "", Privilege: ReadPrivilege}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *ShowMeasurementsStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.Database
}

// DropMeasurementStatement represents a command to drop a measurement.
type DropMeasurementStatement struct {
	// Name of the measurement to be dropped.
	Name string
}

// String returns a string representation of the drop measurement statement.
func (s *DropMeasurementStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("DROP MEASUREMENT ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Name))
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege(s) required to execute a DropMeasurementStatement
func (s *DropMeasurementStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// ShowQueriesStatement represents a command for listing all running queries.
type ShowQueriesStatement struct{}

// String returns a string representation of the show queries statement.
func (s *ShowQueriesStatement) String() string {
	return "SHOW QUERIES"
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a ShowQueriesStatement.
func (s *ShowQueriesStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: "", Privilege: ReadPrivilege}}, nil
}

// ShowRetentionPoliciesStatement represents a command for listing retention policies.
type ShowRetentionPoliciesStatement struct {
	// Name of the database to list policies for.
	Database string
}

// String returns a string representation of a ShowRetentionPoliciesStatement.
func (s *ShowRetentionPoliciesStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("SHOW RETENTION POLICIES")
	if s.Database != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ON ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Database))
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege(s) required to execute a ShowRetentionPoliciesStatement
func (s *ShowRetentionPoliciesStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: "", Privilege: ReadPrivilege}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *ShowRetentionPoliciesStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.Database
}

// ShowStatsStatement displays statistics for a given module.
type ShowStatsStatement struct {
	Module string
}

// String returns a string representation of a ShowStatsStatement.
func (s *ShowStatsStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("SHOW STATS")
	if s.Module != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" FOR ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteString(s.Module))
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege(s) required to execute a ShowStatsStatement
func (s *ShowStatsStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// ShowShardGroupsStatement represents a command for displaying shard groups in the cluster.
type ShowShardGroupsStatement struct{}

// String returns a string representation of the SHOW SHARD GROUPS command.
func (s *ShowShardGroupsStatement) String() string { return "SHOW SHARD GROUPS" }

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privileges required to execute the statement.
func (s *ShowShardGroupsStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// ShowShardsStatement represents a command for displaying shards in the cluster.
type ShowShardsStatement struct{}

// String returns a string representation.
func (s *ShowShardsStatement) String() string { return "SHOW SHARDS" }

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privileges required to execute the statement.
func (s *ShowShardsStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// ShowDiagnosticsStatement represents a command for show node diagnostics.
type ShowDiagnosticsStatement struct {
	// Module
	Module string
}

// String returns a string representation of the ShowDiagnosticsStatement.
func (s *ShowDiagnosticsStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("SHOW DIAGNOSTICS")
	if s.Module != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" FOR ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteString(s.Module))
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a ShowDiagnosticsStatement
func (s *ShowDiagnosticsStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// CreateSubscriptionStatement represents a command to add a subscription to the incoming data stream.
type CreateSubscriptionStatement struct {
	Name            string
	Database        string
	RetentionPolicy string
	Destinations    []string
	Mode            string
}

// String returns a string representation of the CreateSubscriptionStatement.
func (s *CreateSubscriptionStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("CREATE SUBSCRIPTION ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Name))
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ON ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Database))
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(".")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.RetentionPolicy))
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" DESTINATIONS ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Mode)
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ")
	for i, dest := range s.Destinations {
		if i != 0 {
			_, _ = buf.WriteString(", ")
		}
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteString(dest))
	}

	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a CreateSubscriptionStatement.
func (s *CreateSubscriptionStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *CreateSubscriptionStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.Database
}

// DropSubscriptionStatement represents a command to drop a subscription to the incoming data stream.
type DropSubscriptionStatement struct {
	Name            string
	Database        string
	RetentionPolicy string
}

// String returns a string representation of the DropSubscriptionStatement.
func (s *DropSubscriptionStatement) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf(`DROP SUBSCRIPTION %s ON %s.%s`, QuoteIdent(s.Name), QuoteIdent(s.Database), QuoteIdent(s.RetentionPolicy))
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a DropSubscriptionStatement
func (s *DropSubscriptionStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *DropSubscriptionStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.Database
}

// ShowSubscriptionsStatement represents a command to show a list of subscriptions.
type ShowSubscriptionsStatement struct {
}

// String returns a string representation of the ShowSubscriptionsStatement.
func (s *ShowSubscriptionsStatement) String() string {
	return "SHOW SUBSCRIPTIONS"
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege required to execute a ShowSubscriptionsStatement.
func (s *ShowSubscriptionsStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// ShowTagKeysStatement represents a command for listing tag keys.
type ShowTagKeysStatement struct {
	// Database to query. If blank, use the default database.
	// The database can also be specified per source in the Sources.
	Database string

	// Data sources that fields are extracted from.
	Sources Sources

	// An expression evaluated on data point.
	Condition Expr

	// Fields to sort results by.
	SortFields SortFields

	// Maximum number of tag keys per measurement. Unlimited if zero.
	Limit int

	// Returns tag keys starting at an offset from the first row.
	Offset int

	// Maxiumum number of series to be returned. Unlimited if zero.
	SLimit int

	// Returns series starting at an offset from the first one.
	SOffset int
}

// String returns a string representation of the statement.
func (s *ShowTagKeysStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("SHOW TAG KEYS")

	if s.Database != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ON ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Database))
	}
	if s.Sources != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" FROM ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Sources.String())
	}
	if s.Condition != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" WHERE ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Condition.String())
	}
	if len(s.SortFields) > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ORDER BY ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.SortFields.String())
	}
	if s.Limit > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" LIMIT ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.Limit))
	}
	if s.Offset > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" OFFSET ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.Offset))
	}
	if s.SLimit > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" SLIMIT ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.SLimit))
	}
	if s.SOffset > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" SOFFSET ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.SOffset))
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege(s) required to execute a ShowTagKeysStatement.
func (s *ShowTagKeysStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: "", Privilege: ReadPrivilege}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *ShowTagKeysStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.Database
}

// ShowTagValuesStatement represents a command for listing tag values.
type ShowTagValuesStatement struct {
	// Database to query. If blank, use the default database.
	// The database can also be specified per source in the Sources.
	Database string

	// Data source that fields are extracted from.
	Sources Sources

	// Operation to use when selecting tag key(s).
	Op Token

	// Literal to compare the tag key(s) with.
	TagKeyExpr Literal

	// An expression evaluated on data point.
	Condition Expr

	// Fields to sort results by.
	SortFields SortFields

	// Maximum number of rows to be returned.
	// Unlimited if zero.
	Limit int

	// Returns rows starting at an offset from the first row.
	Offset int
}

// String returns a string representation of the statement.
func (s *ShowTagValuesStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("SHOW TAG VALUES")

	if s.Database != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ON ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Database))
	}
	if s.Sources != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" FROM ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Sources.String())
	}
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" WITH KEY ")
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Op.String())
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ")
	if lit, ok := s.TagKeyExpr.(*StringLiteral); ok {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(lit.Val))
	} else {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.TagKeyExpr.String())
	}
	if s.Condition != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" WHERE ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Condition.String())
	}
	if len(s.SortFields) > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ORDER BY ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.SortFields.String())
	}
	if s.Limit > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" LIMIT ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.Limit))
	}
	if s.Offset > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" OFFSET ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.Offset))
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege(s) required to execute a ShowTagValuesStatement.
func (s *ShowTagValuesStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: "", Privilege: ReadPrivilege}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *ShowTagValuesStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.Database
}

// ShowUsersStatement represents a command for listing users.
type ShowUsersStatement struct{}

// String returns a string representation of the ShowUsersStatement.
func (s *ShowUsersStatement) String() string {
	return "SHOW USERS"
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege(s) required to execute a ShowUsersStatement
func (s *ShowUsersStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: true, Name: "", Privilege: AllPrivileges}}, nil
}

// ShowFieldKeysStatement represents a command for listing field keys.
type ShowFieldKeysStatement struct {
	// Database to query. If blank, use the default database.
	// The database can also be specified per source in the Sources.
	Database string

	// Data sources that fields are extracted from.
	Sources Sources

	// Fields to sort results by
	SortFields SortFields

	// Maximum number of rows to be returned.
	// Unlimited if zero.
	Limit int

	// Returns rows starting at an offset from the first row.
	Offset int
}

// String returns a string representation of the statement.
func (s *ShowFieldKeysStatement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("SHOW FIELD KEYS")

	if s.Database != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ON ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(s.Database))
	}
	if s.Sources != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" FROM ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.Sources.String())
	}
	if len(s.SortFields) > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" ORDER BY ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(s.SortFields.String())
	}
	if s.Limit > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" LIMIT ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.Limit))
	}
	if s.Offset > 0 {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(" OFFSET ")
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(s.Offset))
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// RequiredPrivileges returns the privilege(s) required to execute a ShowFieldKeysStatement.
func (s *ShowFieldKeysStatement) RequiredPrivileges() (ExecutionPrivileges, error) {
	return ExecutionPrivileges{{Admin: false, Name: "", Privilege: ReadPrivilege}}, nil
}

// DefaultDatabase returns the default database from the statement.
func (s *ShowFieldKeysStatement) DefaultDatabase() string {
	return s.Database
}

// Fields represents a list of fields.
type Fields []*Field

// AliasNames returns a list of calculated field names in
// order of alias, function name, then field.
func (a Fields) AliasNames() []string {
	names := []string{}
	for _, f := range a {
		names = append(names, f.Name())
	}
	return names
}

// Names returns a list of field names.
func (a Fields) Names() []string {
	names := []string{}
	for _, f := range a {
		switch expr := f.Expr.(type) {
		case *Call:
			names = append(names, expr.Name)
		case *VarRef:
			names = append(names, expr.Val)
		case *BinaryExpr:
			names = append(names, walkNames(expr)...)
		case *ParenExpr:
			names = append(names, walkNames(expr)...)
		}
	}
	return names
}

// String returns a string representation of the fields.
func (a Fields) String() string {
	var str []string
	for _, f := range a {
		str = append(str, f.String())
	}
	return strings.Join(str, ", ")
}

// Field represents an expression retrieved from a select statement.
type Field struct {
	Expr  Expr
	Alias string
}

// Name returns the name of the field. Returns alias, if set.
// Otherwise uses the function name or variable name.
func (f *Field) Name() string {
	// Return alias, if set.
	if f.Alias != "" {
		return f.Alias
	}

	// Return the function name or variable name, if available.
	switch expr := f.Expr.(type) {
	case *Call:
		return expr.Name
	case *BinaryExpr:
		return BinaryExprName(expr)
	case *ParenExpr:
		f := Field{Expr: expr.Expr}
		return f.Name()
	case *VarRef:
		return expr.Val
	}

	// Otherwise return a blank name.
	return ""
}

// String returns a string representation of the field.
func (f *Field) String() string {
	str := f.Expr.String()

	if f.Alias == "" {
		return str
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s AS %s", str, QuoteIdent(f.Alias))
}

// Len implements sort.Interface.
func (a Fields) Len() int { return len(a) }

// Less implements sort.Interface.
func (a Fields) Less(i, j int) bool { return a[i].Name() < a[j].Name() }

// Swap implements sort.Interface.
func (a Fields) Swap(i, j int) { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }

// Dimensions represents a list of dimensions.
type Dimensions []*Dimension

// String returns a string representation of the dimensions.
func (a Dimensions) String() string {
	var str []string
	for _, d := range a {
		str = append(str, d.String())
	}
	return strings.Join(str, ", ")
}

// Normalize returns the interval and tag dimensions separately.
// Returns 0 if no time interval is specified.
func (a Dimensions) Normalize() (time.Duration, []string) {
	var dur time.Duration
	var tags []string

	for _, dim := range a {
		switch expr := dim.Expr.(type) {
		case *Call:
			lit, _ := expr.Args[0].(*DurationLiteral)
			dur = lit.Val
		case *VarRef:
			tags = append(tags, expr.Val)
		}
	}

	return dur, tags
}

// Dimension represents an expression that a select statement is grouped by.
type Dimension struct {
	Expr Expr
}

// String returns a string representation of the dimension.
func (d *Dimension) String() string { return d.Expr.String() }

// Measurements represents a list of measurements.
type Measurements []*Measurement

// String returns a string representation of the measurements.
func (a Measurements) String() string {
	var str []string
	for _, m := range a {
		str = append(str, m.String())
	}
	return strings.Join(str, ", ")
}

// Measurement represents a single measurement used as a datasource.
type Measurement struct {
	Database        string
	RetentionPolicy string
	Name            string
	Regex           *RegexLiteral
	IsTarget        bool
}

// String returns a string representation of the measurement.
func (m *Measurement) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	if m.Database != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(m.Database))
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(".")
	}

	if m.RetentionPolicy != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(m.RetentionPolicy))
	}

	if m.Database != "" || m.RetentionPolicy != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(`.`)
	}

	if m.Name != "" {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(m.Name))
	} else if m.Regex != nil {
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(m.Regex.String())
	}

	return buf.String()
}

func encodeMeasurement(mm *Measurement) *internal.Measurement {
	pb := &internal.Measurement{
		Database:        proto.String(mm.Database),
		RetentionPolicy: proto.String(mm.RetentionPolicy),
		Name:            proto.String(mm.Name),
		IsTarget:        proto.Bool(mm.IsTarget),
	}
	if mm.Regex != nil {
		pb.Regex = proto.String(mm.Regex.Val.String())
	}
	return pb
}

func decodeMeasurement(pb *internal.Measurement) (*Measurement, error) {
	mm := &Measurement{
		Database:        pb.GetDatabase(),
		RetentionPolicy: pb.GetRetentionPolicy(),
		Name:            pb.GetName(),
		IsTarget:        pb.GetIsTarget(),
	}

	if pb.Regex != nil {
		regex, err := regexp.Compile(pb.GetRegex())
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid binary measurement regex: value=%q, err=%s", pb.GetRegex(), err)
		}
		mm.Regex = &RegexLiteral{Val: regex}
	}

	return mm, nil
}

// SubQuery is a source with a SelectStatement as the backing store.
type SubQuery struct {
	Statement *SelectStatement
}

// String returns a string representation of the subquery.
func (s *SubQuery) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("(%s)", s.Statement.String())
}

// VarRef represents a reference to a variable.
type VarRef struct {
	Val  string
	Type DataType
}

// String returns a string representation of the variable reference.
func (r *VarRef) String() string {
	buf := bytes.NewBufferString(QuoteIdent(r.Val))
	if r.Type != Unknown {
		buf.WriteString("::")
		buf.WriteString(r.Type.String())
	}
	return buf.String()
}

// VarRefs represents a slice of VarRef types.
type VarRefs []VarRef

// Len implements sort.Interface.
func (a VarRefs) Len() int { return len(a) }

// Less implements sort.Interface.
func (a VarRefs) Less(i, j int) bool {
	if a[i].Val != a[j].Val {
		return a[i].Val < a[j].Val
	}
	return a[i].Type < a[j].Type
}

// Swap implements sort.Interface.
func (a VarRefs) Swap(i, j int) { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }

// Strings returns a slice of the variable names.
func (a VarRefs) Strings() []string {
	s := make([]string, len(a))
	for i, ref := range a {
		s[i] = ref.Val
	}
	return s
}

// Call represents a function call.
type Call struct {
	Name string
	Args []Expr
}

// String returns a string representation of the call.
func (c *Call) String() string {
	// Join arguments.
	var str []string
	for _, arg := range c.Args {
		str = append(str, arg.String())
	}

	// Write function name and args.
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s(%s)", c.Name, strings.Join(str, ", "))
}

// Distinct represents a DISTINCT expression.
type Distinct struct {
	// Identifier following DISTINCT
	Val string
}

// String returns a string representation of the expression.
func (d *Distinct) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("DISTINCT %s", d.Val)
}

// NewCall returns a new call expression from this expressions.
func (d *Distinct) NewCall() *Call {
	return &Call{
		Name: "distinct",
		Args: []Expr{
			&VarRef{Val: d.Val},
		},
	}
}

// NumberLiteral represents a numeric literal.
type NumberLiteral struct {
	Val float64
}

// String returns a string representation of the literal.
func (l *NumberLiteral) String() string { return strconv.FormatFloat(l.Val, 'f', 3, 64) }

// IntegerLiteral represents an integer literal.
type IntegerLiteral struct {
	Val int64
}

// String returns a string representation of the literal.
func (l *IntegerLiteral) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%d", l.Val) }

// BooleanLiteral represents a boolean literal.
type BooleanLiteral struct {
	Val bool
}

// String returns a string representation of the literal.
func (l *BooleanLiteral) String() string {
	if l.Val {
		return "true"
	}
	return "false"
}

// isTrueLiteral returns true if the expression is a literal "true" value.
func isTrueLiteral(expr Expr) bool {
	if expr, ok := expr.(*BooleanLiteral); ok {
		return expr.Val == true
	}
	return false
}

// isFalseLiteral returns true if the expression is a literal "false" value.
func isFalseLiteral(expr Expr) bool {
	if expr, ok := expr.(*BooleanLiteral); ok {
		return expr.Val == false
	}
	return false
}

// ListLiteral represents a list of tag key literals.
type ListLiteral struct {
	Vals []string
}

// String returns a string representation of the literal.
func (s *ListLiteral) String() string {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	_, _ = buf.WriteString("(")
	for idx, tagKey := range s.Vals {
		if idx != 0 {
			_, _ = buf.WriteString(", ")
		}
		_, _ = buf.WriteString(QuoteIdent(tagKey))
	}
	_, _ = buf.WriteString(")")
	return buf.String()
}

// StringLiteral represents a string literal.
type StringLiteral struct {
	Val string
}

// String returns a string representation of the literal.
func (l *StringLiteral) String() string { return QuoteString(l.Val) }

// IsTimeLiteral returns if this string can be interpreted as a time literal.
func (l *StringLiteral) IsTimeLiteral() bool {
	return isDateTimeString(l.Val) || isDateString(l.Val)
}

// ToTimeLiteral returns a time literal if this string can be converted to a time literal.
func (l *StringLiteral) ToTimeLiteral(loc *time.Location) (*TimeLiteral, error) {
	if loc == nil {
		loc = time.UTC
	}

	if isDateTimeString(l.Val) {
		t, err := time.ParseInLocation(DateTimeFormat, l.Val, loc)
		if err != nil {
			// try to parse it as an RFCNano time
			t, err = time.ParseInLocation(time.RFC3339Nano, l.Val, loc)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, ErrInvalidTime
			}
		}
		return &TimeLiteral{Val: t}, nil
	} else if isDateString(l.Val) {
		t, err := time.ParseInLocation(DateFormat, l.Val, loc)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, ErrInvalidTime
		}
		return &TimeLiteral{Val: t}, nil
	}
	return nil, ErrInvalidTime
}

// TimeLiteral represents a point-in-time literal.
type TimeLiteral struct {
	Val time.Time
}

// String returns a string representation of the literal.
func (l *TimeLiteral) String() string {
	return `'` + l.Val.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339Nano) + `'`
}

// DurationLiteral represents a duration literal.
type DurationLiteral struct {
	Val time.Duration
}

// String returns a string representation of the literal.
func (l *DurationLiteral) String() string { return FormatDuration(l.Val) }

// nilLiteral represents a nil literal.
// This is not available to the query language itself. It's only used internally.
type nilLiteral struct{}

// String returns a string representation of the literal.
func (l *nilLiteral) String() string { return `nil` }

// BinaryExpr represents an operation between two expressions.
type BinaryExpr struct {
	Op  Token
	LHS Expr
	RHS Expr
}

// String returns a string representation of the binary expression.
func (e *BinaryExpr) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s", e.LHS.String(), e.Op.String(), e.RHS.String())
}

func (e *BinaryExpr) validate() error {
	v := binaryExprValidator{}
	Walk(&v, e)
	if v.err != nil {
		return v.err
	} else if v.calls && v.refs {
		return errors.New("binary expressions cannot mix aggregates and raw fields")
	}
	return nil
}

type binaryExprValidator struct {
	calls bool
	refs  bool
	err   error
}

func (v *binaryExprValidator) Visit(n Node) Visitor {
	if v.err != nil {
		return nil
	}

	switch n := n.(type) {
	case *Call:
		v.calls = true

		if n.Name == "top" || n.Name == "bottom" {
			v.err = fmt.Errorf("cannot use %s() inside of a binary expression", n.Name)
			return nil
		}

		for _, expr := range n.Args {
			switch e := expr.(type) {
			case *BinaryExpr:
				v.err = e.validate()
				return nil
			}
		}
		return nil
	case *VarRef:
		v.refs = true
		return nil
	}
	return v
}

// BinaryExprName returns the name of a binary expression by concatenating
// the variables in the binary expression with underscores.
func BinaryExprName(expr *BinaryExpr) string {
	v := binaryExprNameVisitor{}
	Walk(&v, expr)
	return strings.Join(v.names, "_")
}

type binaryExprNameVisitor struct {
	names []string
}

func (v *binaryExprNameVisitor) Visit(n Node) Visitor {
	switch n := n.(type) {
	case *VarRef:
		v.names = append(v.names, n.Val)
	case *Call:
		v.names = append(v.names, n.Name)
		return nil
	}
	return v
}

// ParenExpr represents a parenthesized expression.
type ParenExpr struct {
	Expr Expr
}

// String returns a string representation of the parenthesized expression.
func (e *ParenExpr) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("(%s)", e.Expr.String()) }

// RegexLiteral represents a regular expression.
type RegexLiteral struct {
	Val *regexp.Regexp
}

// String returns a string representation of the literal.
func (r *RegexLiteral) String() string {
	if r.Val != nil {
		return fmt.Sprintf("/%s/", strings.Replace(r.Val.String(), `/`, `\/`, -1))
	}
	return ""
}

// CloneRegexLiteral returns a clone of the RegexLiteral.
func CloneRegexLiteral(r *RegexLiteral) *RegexLiteral {
	if r == nil {
		return nil
	}

	clone := &RegexLiteral{}
	if r.Val != nil {
		clone.Val = regexp.MustCompile(r.Val.String())
	}

	return clone
}

// Wildcard represents a wild card expression.
type Wildcard struct {
	Type Token
}

// String returns a string representation of the wildcard.
func (e *Wildcard) String() string {
	switch e.Type {
	case FIELD:
		return "*::field"
	case TAG:
		return "*::tag"
	default:
		return "*"
	}
}

// CloneExpr returns a deep copy of the expression.
func CloneExpr(expr Expr) Expr {
	if expr == nil {
		return nil
	}
	switch expr := expr.(type) {
	case *BinaryExpr:
		return &BinaryExpr{Op: expr.Op, LHS: CloneExpr(expr.LHS), RHS: CloneExpr(expr.RHS)}
	case *BooleanLiteral:
		return &BooleanLiteral{Val: expr.Val}
	case *Call:
		args := make([]Expr, len(expr.Args))
		for i, arg := range expr.Args {
			args[i] = CloneExpr(arg)
		}
		return &Call{Name: expr.Name, Args: args}
	case *Distinct:
		return &Distinct{Val: expr.Val}
	case *DurationLiteral:
		return &DurationLiteral{Val: expr.Val}
	case *IntegerLiteral:
		return &IntegerLiteral{Val: expr.Val}
	case *NumberLiteral:
		return &NumberLiteral{Val: expr.Val}
	case *ParenExpr:
		return &ParenExpr{Expr: CloneExpr(expr.Expr)}
	case *RegexLiteral:
		return &RegexLiteral{Val: expr.Val}
	case *StringLiteral:
		return &StringLiteral{Val: expr.Val}
	case *TimeLiteral:
		return &TimeLiteral{Val: expr.Val}
	case *VarRef:
		return &VarRef{Val: expr.Val, Type: expr.Type}
	case *Wildcard:
		return &Wildcard{Type: expr.Type}
	}
	panic("unreachable")
}

// HasTimeExpr returns true if the expression has a time term.
func HasTimeExpr(expr Expr) bool {
	switch n := expr.(type) {
	case *BinaryExpr:
		if n.Op == AND || n.Op == OR {
			return HasTimeExpr(n.LHS) || HasTimeExpr(n.RHS)
		}
		if ref, ok := n.LHS.(*VarRef); ok && strings.ToLower(ref.Val) == "time" {
			return true
		}
		return false
	case *ParenExpr:
		// walk down the tree
		return HasTimeExpr(n.Expr)
	default:
		return false
	}
}

// OnlyTimeExpr returns true if the expression only has time constraints.
func OnlyTimeExpr(expr Expr) bool {
	if expr == nil {
		return false
	}
	switch n := expr.(type) {
	case *BinaryExpr:
		if n.Op == AND || n.Op == OR {
			return OnlyTimeExpr(n.LHS) && OnlyTimeExpr(n.RHS)
		}
		if ref, ok := n.LHS.(*VarRef); ok && strings.ToLower(ref.Val) == "time" {
			return true
		}
		return false
	case *ParenExpr:
		// walk down the tree
		return OnlyTimeExpr(n.Expr)
	default:
		return false
	}
}

// TimeRange returns the minimum and maximum times specified by an expression.
// It returns zero times if there is no bound.
func TimeRange(expr Expr, loc *time.Location) (min, max time.Time, err error) {
	WalkFunc(expr, func(n Node) {
		if err != nil {
			return
		}

		if n, ok := n.(*BinaryExpr); ok {
			// Extract literal expression & operator on LHS.
			// Check for "time" on the left-hand side first.
			// Otherwise check for for the right-hand side and flip the operator.
			op := n.Op
			var value time.Time
			value, err = timeExprValue(n.LHS, n.RHS, loc)
			if err != nil {
				return
			} else if value.IsZero() {
				if value, err = timeExprValue(n.RHS, n.LHS, loc); value.IsZero() || err != nil {
					return
				} else if op == LT {
					op = GT
				} else if op == LTE {
					op = GTE
				} else if op == GT {
					op = LT
				} else if op == GTE {
					op = LTE
				}
			}

			// Update the min/max depending on the operator.
			// The GT & LT update the value by +/- 1ns not make them "not equal".
			switch op {
			case GT:
				if min.IsZero() || value.After(min) {
					min = value.Add(time.Nanosecond)
				}
			case GTE:
				if min.IsZero() || value.After(min) {
					min = value
				}
			case LT:
				if max.IsZero() || value.Before(max) {
					max = value.Add(-time.Nanosecond)
				}
			case LTE:
				if max.IsZero() || value.Before(max) {
					max = value
				}
			case EQ:
				if min.IsZero() || value.After(min) {
					min = value
				}
				if max.IsZero() || value.Before(max) {
					max = value
				}
			}
		}
	})
	return
}

// TimeRangeAsEpochNano returns the minimum and maximum times, as epoch nano, specified by
// an expression. If there is no lower bound, the minimum time is returned
// for minimum. If there is no higher bound, the maximum time is returned.
func TimeRangeAsEpochNano(expr Expr) (min, max int64, err error) {
	tmin, tmax, err := TimeRange(expr, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, 0, err
	}

	if tmin.IsZero() {
		min = time.Unix(0, MinTime).UnixNano()
	} else {
		min = tmin.UnixNano()
	}
	if tmax.IsZero() {
		max = time.Unix(0, MaxTime).UnixNano()
	} else {
		max = tmax.UnixNano()
	}
	return
}

// timeExprValue returns the time literal value of a "time == <TimeLiteral>" expression.
// Returns zero time if the expression is not a time expression.
func timeExprValue(ref Expr, lit Expr, loc *time.Location) (t time.Time, err error) {
	if ref, ok := ref.(*VarRef); ok && strings.ToLower(ref.Val) == "time" {
		// If literal looks like a date time then parse it as a time literal.
		if strlit, ok := lit.(*StringLiteral); ok {
			if strlit.IsTimeLiteral() {
				t, err := strlit.ToTimeLiteral(loc)
				if err != nil {
					return time.Time{}, err
				}
				lit = t
			}
		}

		switch lit := lit.(type) {
		case *TimeLiteral:
			if lit.Val.After(time.Unix(0, MaxTime)) {
				return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("time %s overflows time literal", lit.Val.Format(time.RFC3339))
			} else if lit.Val.Before(time.Unix(0, MinTime+1)) {
				// The minimum allowable time literal is one greater than the minimum time because the minimum time
				// is a sentinel value only used internally.
				return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("time %s underflows time literal", lit.Val.Format(time.RFC3339))
			}
			return lit.Val, nil
		case *DurationLiteral:
			return time.Unix(0, int64(lit.Val)).UTC(), nil
		case *NumberLiteral:
			return time.Unix(0, int64(lit.Val)).UTC(), nil
		case *IntegerLiteral:
			return time.Unix(0, lit.Val).UTC(), nil
		default:
			return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid operation: time and %T are not compatible", lit)
		}
	}
	return time.Time{}, nil
}

// Visitor can be called by Walk to traverse an AST hierarchy.
// The Visit() function is called once per node.
type Visitor interface {
	Visit(Node) Visitor
}

// Walk traverses a node hierarchy in depth-first order.
func Walk(v Visitor, node Node) {
	if node == nil {
		return
	}

	if v = v.Visit(node); v == nil {
		return
	}

	switch n := node.(type) {
	case *BinaryExpr:
		Walk(v, n.LHS)
		Walk(v, n.RHS)

	case *Call:
		for _, expr := range n.Args {
			Walk(v, expr)
		}

	case *CreateContinuousQueryStatement:
		Walk(v, n.Source)

	case *Dimension:
		Walk(v, n.Expr)

	case Dimensions:
		for _, c := range n {
			Walk(v, c)
		}

	case *DeleteSeriesStatement:
		Walk(v, n.Sources)
		Walk(v, n.Condition)

	case *DropSeriesStatement:
		Walk(v, n.Sources)
		Walk(v, n.Condition)

	case *Field:
		Walk(v, n.Expr)

	case Fields:
		for _, c := range n {
			Walk(v, c)
		}

	case *ParenExpr:
		Walk(v, n.Expr)

	case *Query:
		Walk(v, n.Statements)

	case *SelectStatement:
		Walk(v, n.Fields)
		Walk(v, n.Target)
		Walk(v, n.Dimensions)
		Walk(v, n.Sources)
		Walk(v, n.Condition)
		Walk(v, n.SortFields)

	case *ShowSeriesStatement:
		Walk(v, n.Sources)
		Walk(v, n.Condition)

	case *ShowTagKeysStatement:
		Walk(v, n.Sources)
		Walk(v, n.Condition)
		Walk(v, n.SortFields)

	case *ShowTagValuesStatement:
		Walk(v, n.Sources)
		Walk(v, n.Condition)
		Walk(v, n.SortFields)

	case *ShowFieldKeysStatement:
		Walk(v, n.Sources)
		Walk(v, n.SortFields)

	case SortFields:
		for _, sf := range n {
			Walk(v, sf)
		}

	case Sources:
		for _, s := range n {
			Walk(v, s)
		}

	case *SubQuery:
		Walk(v, n.Statement)

	case Statements:
		for _, s := range n {
			Walk(v, s)
		}

	case *Target:
		if n != nil {
			Walk(v, n.Measurement)
		}
	}
}

// WalkFunc traverses a node hierarchy in depth-first order.
func WalkFunc(node Node, fn func(Node)) {
	Walk(walkFuncVisitor(fn), node)
}

type walkFuncVisitor func(Node)

func (fn walkFuncVisitor) Visit(n Node) Visitor { fn(n); return fn }

// Rewriter can be called by Rewrite to replace nodes in the AST hierarchy.
// The Rewrite() function is called once per node.
type Rewriter interface {
	Rewrite(Node) Node
}

// Rewrite recursively invokes the rewriter to replace each node.
// Nodes are traversed depth-first and rewritten from leaf to root.
func Rewrite(r Rewriter, node Node) Node {
	switch n := node.(type) {
	case *Query:
		n.Statements = Rewrite(r, n.Statements).(Statements)

	case Statements:
		for i, s := range n {
			n[i] = Rewrite(r, s).(Statement)
		}

	case *SelectStatement:
		n.Fields = Rewrite(r, n.Fields).(Fields)
		n.Dimensions = Rewrite(r, n.Dimensions).(Dimensions)
		n.Sources = Rewrite(r, n.Sources).(Sources)

		// Rewrite may return nil. Nil does not satisfy the Expr
		// interface. We only assert the rewritten result to be an
		// Expr if it is not nil:
		if cond := Rewrite(r, n.Condition); cond != nil {
			n.Condition = cond.(Expr)
		} else {
			n.Condition = nil
		}

	case *SubQuery:
		n.Statement = Rewrite(r, n.Statement).(*SelectStatement)

	case Fields:
		for i, f := range n {
			n[i] = Rewrite(r, f).(*Field)
		}

	case *Field:
		n.Expr = Rewrite(r, n.Expr).(Expr)

	case Dimensions:
		for i, d := range n {
			n[i] = Rewrite(r, d).(*Dimension)
		}

	case *Dimension:
		n.Expr = Rewrite(r, n.Expr).(Expr)

	case *BinaryExpr:
		n.LHS = Rewrite(r, n.LHS).(Expr)
		n.RHS = Rewrite(r, n.RHS).(Expr)

	case *ParenExpr:
		n.Expr = Rewrite(r, n.Expr).(Expr)

	case *Call:
		for i, expr := range n.Args {
			n.Args[i] = Rewrite(r, expr).(Expr)
		}
	}

	return r.Rewrite(node)
}

// RewriteFunc rewrites a node hierarchy.
func RewriteFunc(node Node, fn func(Node) Node) Node {
	return Rewrite(rewriterFunc(fn), node)
}

type rewriterFunc func(Node) Node

func (fn rewriterFunc) Rewrite(n Node) Node { return fn(n) }

// RewriteExpr recursively invokes the function to replace each expr.
// Nodes are traversed depth-first and rewritten from leaf to root.
func RewriteExpr(expr Expr, fn func(Expr) Expr) Expr {
	switch e := expr.(type) {
	case *BinaryExpr:
		e.LHS = RewriteExpr(e.LHS, fn)
		e.RHS = RewriteExpr(e.RHS, fn)
		if e.LHS != nil && e.RHS == nil {
			expr = e.LHS
		} else if e.RHS != nil && e.LHS == nil {
			expr = e.RHS
		} else if e.LHS == nil && e.RHS == nil {
			return nil
		}

	case *ParenExpr:
		e.Expr = RewriteExpr(e.Expr, fn)
		if e.Expr == nil {
			return nil
		}

	case *Call:
		for i, expr := range e.Args {
			e.Args[i] = RewriteExpr(expr, fn)
		}
	}

	return fn(expr)
}

// Eval evaluates expr against a map.
func Eval(expr Expr, m map[string]interface{}) interface{} {
	if expr == nil {
		return nil
	}

	switch expr := expr.(type) {
	case *BinaryExpr:
		return evalBinaryExpr(expr, m)
	case *BooleanLiteral:
		return expr.Val
	case *IntegerLiteral:
		return expr.Val
	case *NumberLiteral:
		return expr.Val
	case *ParenExpr:
		return Eval(expr.Expr, m)
	case *RegexLiteral:
		return expr.Val
	case *StringLiteral:
		return expr.Val
	case *VarRef:
		return m[expr.Val]
	default:
		return nil
	}
}

func evalBinaryExpr(expr *BinaryExpr, m map[string]interface{}) interface{} {
	lhs := Eval(expr.LHS, m)
	rhs := Eval(expr.RHS, m)
	if lhs == nil && rhs != nil {
		// When the LHS is nil and the RHS is a boolean, implicitly cast the
		// nil to false.
		if _, ok := rhs.(bool); ok {
			lhs = false
		}
	} else if lhs != nil && rhs == nil {
		// Implicit cast of the RHS nil to false when the LHS is a boolean.
		if _, ok := lhs.(bool); ok {
			rhs = false
		}
	}

	// Evaluate if both sides are simple types.
	switch lhs := lhs.(type) {
	case bool:
		rhs, ok := rhs.(bool)
		switch expr.Op {
		case AND:
			return ok && (lhs && rhs)
		case OR:
			return ok && (lhs || rhs)
		case BITWISE_AND:
			return ok && (lhs && rhs)
		case BITWISE_OR:
			return ok && (lhs || rhs)
		case BITWISE_XOR:
			return ok && (lhs != rhs)
		case EQ:
			return ok && (lhs == rhs)
		case NEQ:
			return ok && (lhs != rhs)
		}
	case float64:
		// Try the rhs as a float64 or int64
		rhsf, ok := rhs.(float64)
		if !ok {
			var rhsi int64
			if rhsi, ok = rhs.(int64); ok {
				rhsf = float64(rhsi)
			}
		}

		rhs := rhsf
		switch expr.Op {
		case EQ:
			return ok && (lhs == rhs)
		case NEQ:
			return ok && (lhs != rhs)
		case LT:
			return ok && (lhs < rhs)
		case LTE:
			return ok && (lhs <= rhs)
		case GT:
			return ok && (lhs > rhs)
		case GTE:
			return ok && (lhs >= rhs)
		case ADD:
			if !ok {
				return nil
			}
			return lhs + rhs
		case SUB:
			if !ok {
				return nil
			}
			return lhs - rhs
		case MUL:
			if !ok {
				return nil
			}
			return lhs * rhs
		case DIV:
			if !ok {
				return nil
			} else if rhs == 0 {
				return float64(0)
			}
			return lhs / rhs
		case MOD:
			if !ok {
				return nil
			}
			return math.Mod(lhs, rhs)
		}
	case int64:
		// Try as a float64 to see if a float cast is required.
		rhsf, ok := rhs.(float64)
		if ok {
			lhs := float64(lhs)
			rhs := rhsf
			switch expr.Op {
			case EQ:
				return lhs == rhs
			case NEQ:
				return lhs != rhs
			case LT:
				return lhs < rhs
			case LTE:
				return lhs <= rhs
			case GT:
				return lhs > rhs
			case GTE:
				return lhs >= rhs
			case ADD:
				return lhs + rhs
			case SUB:
				return lhs - rhs
			case MUL:
				return lhs * rhs
			case DIV:
				if rhs == 0 {
					return float64(0)
				}
				return lhs / rhs
			case MOD:
				return math.Mod(lhs, rhs)
			}
		} else {
			rhs, ok := rhs.(int64)
			switch expr.Op {
			case EQ:
				return ok && (lhs == rhs)
			case NEQ:
				return ok && (lhs != rhs)
			case LT:
				return ok && (lhs < rhs)
			case LTE:
				return ok && (lhs <= rhs)
			case GT:
				return ok && (lhs > rhs)
			case GTE:
				return ok && (lhs >= rhs)
			case ADD:
				if !ok {
					return nil
				}
				return lhs + rhs
			case SUB:
				if !ok {
					return nil
				}
				return lhs - rhs
			case MUL:
				if !ok {
					return nil
				}
				return lhs * rhs
			case DIV:
				if !ok {
					return nil
				} else if rhs == 0 {
					return float64(0)
				}
				return lhs / rhs
			case MOD:
				if !ok {
					return nil
				} else if rhs == 0 {
					return int64(0)
				}
				return lhs % rhs
			case BITWISE_AND:
				if !ok {
					return nil
				}
				return lhs & rhs
			case BITWISE_OR:
				if !ok {
					return nil
				}
				return lhs | rhs
			case BITWISE_XOR:
				if !ok {
					return nil
				}
				return lhs ^ rhs
			}
		}
	case string:
		switch expr.Op {
		case EQ:
			rhs, ok := rhs.(string)
			if !ok {
				return nil
			}
			return lhs == rhs
		case NEQ:
			rhs, ok := rhs.(string)
			if !ok {
				return nil
			}
			return lhs != rhs
		case EQREGEX:
			rhs, ok := rhs.(*regexp.Regexp)
			if !ok {
				return nil
			}
			return rhs.MatchString(lhs)
		case NEQREGEX:
			rhs, ok := rhs.(*regexp.Regexp)
			if !ok {
				return nil
			}
			return !rhs.MatchString(lhs)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// EvalBool evaluates expr and returns true if result is a boolean true.
// Otherwise returns false.
func EvalBool(expr Expr, m map[string]interface{}) bool {
	v, _ := Eval(expr, m).(bool)
	return v
}

// TypeMapper maps a data type to the measurement and field.
type TypeMapper interface {
	MapType(measurement *Measurement, field string) DataType
}

type nilTypeMapper struct{}

func (nilTypeMapper) MapType(*Measurement, string) DataType { return Unknown }

// EvalType evaluates the expression's type.
func EvalType(expr Expr, sources Sources, typmap TypeMapper) DataType {
	if typmap == nil {
		typmap = nilTypeMapper{}
	}

	switch expr := expr.(type) {
	case *VarRef:
		// If this variable already has an assigned type, just use that.
		if expr.Type != Unknown && expr.Type != AnyField {
			return expr.Type
		}

		var typ DataType
		for _, src := range sources {
			switch src := src.(type) {
			case *Measurement:
				if t := typmap.MapType(src, expr.Val); typ.LessThan(t) {
					typ = t
				}
			case *SubQuery:
				_, e := src.Statement.FieldExprByName(expr.Val)
				if e != nil {
					if t := EvalType(e, src.Statement.Sources, typmap); typ.LessThan(t) {
						typ = t
					}
				}

				if typ == Unknown {
					for _, d := range src.Statement.Dimensions {
						if d, ok := d.Expr.(*VarRef); ok && expr.Val == d.Val {
							typ = Tag
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
		return typ
	case *Call:
		switch expr.Name {
		case "mean", "median", "integral":
			return Float
		case "count":
			return Integer
		default:
			return EvalType(expr.Args[0], sources, typmap)
		}
	case *ParenExpr:
		return EvalType(expr.Expr, sources, typmap)
	case *NumberLiteral:
		return Float
	case *IntegerLiteral:
		return Integer
	case *StringLiteral:
		return String
	case *BooleanLiteral:
		return Boolean
	case *BinaryExpr:
		lhs := EvalType(expr.LHS, sources, typmap)
		rhs := EvalType(expr.RHS, sources, typmap)
		if lhs != Unknown && rhs != Unknown {
			if lhs < rhs {
				return lhs
			} else {
				return rhs
			}
		} else if lhs != Unknown {
			return lhs
		} else {
			return rhs
		}
	}
	return Unknown
}

func FieldDimensions(sources Sources, m FieldMapper) (fields map[string]DataType, dimensions map[string]struct{}, err error) {
	fields = make(map[string]DataType)
	dimensions = make(map[string]struct{})

	for _, src := range sources {
		switch src := src.(type) {
		case *Measurement:
			f, d, err := m.FieldDimensions(src)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, nil, err
			}

			for k, typ := range f {
				if _, ok := fields[k]; typ != Unknown && (!ok || typ < fields[k]) {
					fields[k] = typ
				}
			}
			for k := range d {
				dimensions[k] = struct{}{}
			}
		case *SubQuery:
			for _, f := range src.Statement.Fields {
				k := f.Name()
				typ := EvalType(f.Expr, src.Statement.Sources, m)

				if _, ok := fields[k]; typ != Unknown && (!ok || typ < fields[k]) {
					fields[k] = typ
				}
			}

			for _, d := range src.Statement.Dimensions {
				if expr, ok := d.Expr.(*VarRef); ok {
					dimensions[expr.Val] = struct{}{}
				}
			}
		}
	}
	return
}

// Reduce evaluates expr using the available values in valuer.
// References that don't exist in valuer are ignored.
func Reduce(expr Expr, valuer Valuer) Expr {
	expr = reduce(expr, valuer)

	// Unwrap parens at top level.
	if expr, ok := expr.(*ParenExpr); ok {
		return expr.Expr
	}
	return expr
}

func reduce(expr Expr, valuer Valuer) Expr {
	if expr == nil {
		return nil
	}

	switch expr := expr.(type) {
	case *BinaryExpr:
		return reduceBinaryExpr(expr, valuer)
	case *Call:
		return reduceCall(expr, valuer)
	case *ParenExpr:
		return reduceParenExpr(expr, valuer)
	case *VarRef:
		return reduceVarRef(expr, valuer)
	case *nilLiteral:
		return expr
	default:
		return CloneExpr(expr)
	}
}

func reduceBinaryExpr(expr *BinaryExpr, valuer Valuer) Expr {
	// Reduce both sides first.
	op := expr.Op
	lhs := reduce(expr.LHS, valuer)
	rhs := reduce(expr.RHS, valuer)

	loc := time.UTC
	if v, ok := valuer.(ZoneValuer); ok {
		loc = v.Zone()
	}

	// Do not evaluate if one side is nil.
	if lhs == nil || rhs == nil {
		return &BinaryExpr{LHS: lhs, RHS: rhs, Op: expr.Op}
	}

	// If we have a logical operator (AND, OR) and one side is a boolean literal
	// then we need to have special handling.
	if op == AND {
		if isFalseLiteral(lhs) || isFalseLiteral(rhs) {
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: false}
		} else if isTrueLiteral(lhs) {
			return rhs
		} else if isTrueLiteral(rhs) {
			return lhs
		}
	} else if op == OR {
		if isTrueLiteral(lhs) || isTrueLiteral(rhs) {
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: true}
		} else if isFalseLiteral(lhs) {
			return rhs
		} else if isFalseLiteral(rhs) {
			return lhs
		}
	}

	// Evaluate if both sides are simple types.
	switch lhs := lhs.(type) {
	case *BooleanLiteral:
		return reduceBinaryExprBooleanLHS(op, lhs, rhs)
	case *DurationLiteral:
		return reduceBinaryExprDurationLHS(op, lhs, rhs, loc)
	case *IntegerLiteral:
		return reduceBinaryExprIntegerLHS(op, lhs, rhs, loc)
	case *nilLiteral:
		return reduceBinaryExprNilLHS(op, lhs, rhs)
	case *NumberLiteral:
		return reduceBinaryExprNumberLHS(op, lhs, rhs)
	case *StringLiteral:
		return reduceBinaryExprStringLHS(op, lhs, rhs, loc)
	case *TimeLiteral:
		return reduceBinaryExprTimeLHS(op, lhs, rhs, loc)
	default:
		return &BinaryExpr{Op: op, LHS: lhs, RHS: rhs}
	}
}

func reduceBinaryExprBooleanLHS(op Token, lhs *BooleanLiteral, rhs Expr) Expr {
	switch rhs := rhs.(type) {
	case *BooleanLiteral:
		switch op {
		case EQ:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val == rhs.Val}
		case NEQ:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val != rhs.Val}
		case AND:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val && rhs.Val}
		case OR:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val || rhs.Val}
		case BITWISE_AND:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val && rhs.Val}
		case BITWISE_OR:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val || rhs.Val}
		case BITWISE_XOR:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val != rhs.Val}
		}
	case *nilLiteral:
		return &BooleanLiteral{Val: false}
	}
	return &BinaryExpr{Op: op, LHS: lhs, RHS: rhs}
}

func reduceBinaryExprDurationLHS(op Token, lhs *DurationLiteral, rhs Expr, loc *time.Location) Expr {
	switch rhs := rhs.(type) {
	case *DurationLiteral:
		switch op {
		case ADD:
			return &DurationLiteral{Val: lhs.Val + rhs.Val}
		case SUB:
			return &DurationLiteral{Val: lhs.Val - rhs.Val}
		case EQ:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val == rhs.Val}
		case NEQ:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val != rhs.Val}
		case GT:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val > rhs.Val}
		case GTE:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val >= rhs.Val}
		case LT:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val < rhs.Val}
		case LTE:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val <= rhs.Val}
		}
	case *NumberLiteral:
		switch op {
		case MUL:
			return &DurationLiteral{Val: lhs.Val * time.Duration(rhs.Val)}
		case DIV:
			if rhs.Val == 0 {
				return &DurationLiteral{Val: 0}
			}
			return &DurationLiteral{Val: lhs.Val / time.Duration(rhs.Val)}
		}
	case *IntegerLiteral:
		switch op {
		case MUL:
			return &DurationLiteral{Val: lhs.Val * time.Duration(rhs.Val)}
		case DIV:
			if rhs.Val == 0 {
				return &DurationLiteral{Val: 0}
			}
			return &DurationLiteral{Val: lhs.Val / time.Duration(rhs.Val)}
		}
	case *TimeLiteral:
		switch op {
		case ADD:
			return &TimeLiteral{Val: rhs.Val.Add(lhs.Val)}
		}
	case *StringLiteral:
		t, err := rhs.ToTimeLiteral(loc)
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
		expr := reduceBinaryExprDurationLHS(op, lhs, t, loc)

		// If the returned expression is still a binary expr, that means
		// we couldn't reduce it so this wasn't used in a time literal context.
		if _, ok := expr.(*BinaryExpr); !ok {
			return expr
		}
	case *nilLiteral:
		return &BooleanLiteral{Val: false}
	}
	return &BinaryExpr{Op: op, LHS: lhs, RHS: rhs}
}

func reduceBinaryExprIntegerLHS(op Token, lhs *IntegerLiteral, rhs Expr, loc *time.Location) Expr {
	switch rhs := rhs.(type) {
	case *NumberLiteral:
		return reduceBinaryExprNumberLHS(op, &NumberLiteral{Val: float64(lhs.Val)}, rhs)
	case *IntegerLiteral:
		switch op {
		case ADD:
			return &IntegerLiteral{Val: lhs.Val + rhs.Val}
		case SUB:
			return &IntegerLiteral{Val: lhs.Val - rhs.Val}
		case MUL:
			return &IntegerLiteral{Val: lhs.Val * rhs.Val}
		case DIV:
			if rhs.Val == 0 {
				return &NumberLiteral{Val: 0}
			}
			return &NumberLiteral{Val: float64(lhs.Val) / float64(rhs.Val)}
		case MOD:
			if rhs.Val == 0 {
				return &IntegerLiteral{Val: 0}
			}
			return &IntegerLiteral{Val: lhs.Val % rhs.Val}
		case BITWISE_AND:
			return &IntegerLiteral{Val: lhs.Val & rhs.Val}
		case BITWISE_OR:
			return &IntegerLiteral{Val: lhs.Val | rhs.Val}
		case BITWISE_XOR:
			return &IntegerLiteral{Val: lhs.Val ^ rhs.Val}
		case EQ:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val == rhs.Val}
		case NEQ:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val != rhs.Val}
		case GT:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val > rhs.Val}
		case GTE:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val >= rhs.Val}
		case LT:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val < rhs.Val}
		case LTE:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val <= rhs.Val}
		}
	case *DurationLiteral:
		// Treat the integer as a timestamp.
		switch op {
		case ADD:
			return &TimeLiteral{Val: time.Unix(0, lhs.Val).Add(rhs.Val)}
		case SUB:
			return &TimeLiteral{Val: time.Unix(0, lhs.Val).Add(-rhs.Val)}
		}
	case *TimeLiteral:
		d := &DurationLiteral{Val: time.Duration(lhs.Val)}
		expr := reduceBinaryExprDurationLHS(op, d, rhs, loc)
		if _, ok := expr.(*BinaryExpr); !ok {
			return expr
		}
	case *StringLiteral:
		t, err := rhs.ToTimeLiteral(loc)
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
		d := &DurationLiteral{Val: time.Duration(lhs.Val)}
		expr := reduceBinaryExprDurationLHS(op, d, t, loc)
		if _, ok := expr.(*BinaryExpr); !ok {
			return expr
		}
	case *nilLiteral:
		return &BooleanLiteral{Val: false}
	}
	return &BinaryExpr{Op: op, LHS: lhs, RHS: rhs}
}

func reduceBinaryExprNilLHS(op Token, lhs *nilLiteral, rhs Expr) Expr {
	switch op {
	case EQ, NEQ:
		return &BooleanLiteral{Val: false}
	}
	return &BinaryExpr{Op: op, LHS: lhs, RHS: rhs}
}

func reduceBinaryExprNumberLHS(op Token, lhs *NumberLiteral, rhs Expr) Expr {
	switch rhs := rhs.(type) {
	case *NumberLiteral:
		switch op {
		case ADD:
			return &NumberLiteral{Val: lhs.Val + rhs.Val}
		case SUB:
			return &NumberLiteral{Val: lhs.Val - rhs.Val}
		case MUL:
			return &NumberLiteral{Val: lhs.Val * rhs.Val}
		case DIV:
			if rhs.Val == 0 {
				return &NumberLiteral{Val: 0}
			}
			return &NumberLiteral{Val: lhs.Val / rhs.Val}
		case MOD:
			return &NumberLiteral{Val: math.Mod(lhs.Val, rhs.Val)}
		case EQ:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val == rhs.Val}
		case NEQ:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val != rhs.Val}
		case GT:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val > rhs.Val}
		case GTE:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val >= rhs.Val}
		case LT:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val < rhs.Val}
		case LTE:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val <= rhs.Val}
		}
	case *IntegerLiteral:
		switch op {
		case ADD:
			return &NumberLiteral{Val: lhs.Val + float64(rhs.Val)}
		case SUB:
			return &NumberLiteral{Val: lhs.Val - float64(rhs.Val)}
		case MUL:
			return &NumberLiteral{Val: lhs.Val * float64(rhs.Val)}
		case DIV:
			if float64(rhs.Val) == 0 {
				return &NumberLiteral{Val: 0}
			}
			return &NumberLiteral{Val: lhs.Val / float64(rhs.Val)}
		case MOD:
			return &NumberLiteral{Val: math.Mod(lhs.Val, float64(rhs.Val))}
		case EQ:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val == float64(rhs.Val)}
		case NEQ:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val != float64(rhs.Val)}
		case GT:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val > float64(rhs.Val)}
		case GTE:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val >= float64(rhs.Val)}
		case LT:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val < float64(rhs.Val)}
		case LTE:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val <= float64(rhs.Val)}
		}
	case *nilLiteral:
		return &BooleanLiteral{Val: false}
	}
	return &BinaryExpr{Op: op, LHS: lhs, RHS: rhs}
}

func reduceBinaryExprStringLHS(op Token, lhs *StringLiteral, rhs Expr, loc *time.Location) Expr {
	switch rhs := rhs.(type) {
	case *StringLiteral:
		switch op {
		case EQ:
			var expr Expr = &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val == rhs.Val}
			// This might be a comparison between time literals.
			// If it is, parse the time literals and then compare since it
			// could be a different result if they use different formats
			// for the same time.
			if lhs.IsTimeLiteral() && rhs.IsTimeLiteral() {
				tlhs, err := lhs.ToTimeLiteral(loc)
				if err != nil {
					return expr
				}

				trhs, err := rhs.ToTimeLiteral(loc)
				if err != nil {
					return expr
				}

				t := reduceBinaryExprTimeLHS(op, tlhs, trhs, loc)
				if _, ok := t.(*BinaryExpr); !ok {
					expr = t
				}
			}
			return expr
		case NEQ:
			var expr Expr = &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val != rhs.Val}
			// This might be a comparison between time literals.
			// If it is, parse the time literals and then compare since it
			// could be a different result if they use different formats
			// for the same time.
			if lhs.IsTimeLiteral() && rhs.IsTimeLiteral() {
				tlhs, err := lhs.ToTimeLiteral(loc)
				if err != nil {
					return expr
				}

				trhs, err := rhs.ToTimeLiteral(loc)
				if err != nil {
					return expr
				}

				t := reduceBinaryExprTimeLHS(op, tlhs, trhs, loc)
				if _, ok := t.(*BinaryExpr); !ok {
					expr = t
				}
			}
			return expr
		case ADD:
			return &StringLiteral{Val: lhs.Val + rhs.Val}
		default:
			// Attempt to convert the string literal to a time literal.
			t, err := lhs.ToTimeLiteral(loc)
			if err != nil {
				break
			}
			expr := reduceBinaryExprTimeLHS(op, t, rhs, loc)

			// If the returned expression is still a binary expr, that means
			// we couldn't reduce it so this wasn't used in a time literal context.
			if _, ok := expr.(*BinaryExpr); !ok {
				return expr
			}
		}
	case *DurationLiteral:
		// Attempt to convert the string literal to a time literal.
		t, err := lhs.ToTimeLiteral(loc)
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
		expr := reduceBinaryExprTimeLHS(op, t, rhs, loc)

		// If the returned expression is still a binary expr, that means
		// we couldn't reduce it so this wasn't used in a time literal context.
		if _, ok := expr.(*BinaryExpr); !ok {
			return expr
		}
	case *TimeLiteral:
		// Attempt to convert the string literal to a time literal.
		t, err := lhs.ToTimeLiteral(loc)
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
		expr := reduceBinaryExprTimeLHS(op, t, rhs, loc)

		// If the returned expression is still a binary expr, that means
		// we couldn't reduce it so this wasn't used in a time literal context.
		if _, ok := expr.(*BinaryExpr); !ok {
			return expr
		}
	case *IntegerLiteral:
		// Attempt to convert the string literal to a time literal.
		t, err := lhs.ToTimeLiteral(loc)
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
		expr := reduceBinaryExprTimeLHS(op, t, rhs, loc)

		// If the returned expression is still a binary expr, that means
		// we couldn't reduce it so this wasn't used in a time literal context.
		if _, ok := expr.(*BinaryExpr); !ok {
			return expr
		}
	case *nilLiteral:
		switch op {
		case EQ, NEQ:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: false}
		}
	}
	return &BinaryExpr{Op: op, LHS: lhs, RHS: rhs}
}

func reduceBinaryExprTimeLHS(op Token, lhs *TimeLiteral, rhs Expr, loc *time.Location) Expr {
	switch rhs := rhs.(type) {
	case *DurationLiteral:
		switch op {
		case ADD:
			return &TimeLiteral{Val: lhs.Val.Add(rhs.Val)}
		case SUB:
			return &TimeLiteral{Val: lhs.Val.Add(-rhs.Val)}
		}
	case *IntegerLiteral:
		d := &DurationLiteral{Val: time.Duration(rhs.Val)}
		expr := reduceBinaryExprTimeLHS(op, lhs, d, loc)
		if _, ok := expr.(*BinaryExpr); !ok {
			return expr
		}
	case *TimeLiteral:
		switch op {
		case SUB:
			return &DurationLiteral{Val: lhs.Val.Sub(rhs.Val)}
		case EQ:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val.Equal(rhs.Val)}
		case NEQ:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: !lhs.Val.Equal(rhs.Val)}
		case GT:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val.After(rhs.Val)}
		case GTE:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val.After(rhs.Val) || lhs.Val.Equal(rhs.Val)}
		case LT:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val.Before(rhs.Val)}
		case LTE:
			return &BooleanLiteral{Val: lhs.Val.Before(rhs.Val) || lhs.Val.Equal(rhs.Val)}
		}
	case *StringLiteral:
		t, err := rhs.ToTimeLiteral(loc)
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
		expr := reduceBinaryExprTimeLHS(op, lhs, t, loc)

		// If the returned expression is still a binary expr, that means
		// we couldn't reduce it so this wasn't used in a time literal context.
		if _, ok := expr.(*BinaryExpr); !ok {
			return expr
		}
	case *nilLiteral:
		return &BooleanLiteral{Val: false}
	}
	return &BinaryExpr{Op: op, LHS: lhs, RHS: rhs}
}

func reduceCall(expr *Call, valuer Valuer) Expr {
	// Evaluate "now()" if valuer is set.
	if expr.Name == "now" && len(expr.Args) == 0 && valuer != nil {
		if v, ok := valuer.Value("now()"); ok {
			v, _ := v.(time.Time)
			return &TimeLiteral{Val: v}
		}
	}

	// Otherwise reduce arguments.
	args := make([]Expr, len(expr.Args))
	for i, arg := range expr.Args {
		args[i] = reduce(arg, valuer)
	}
	return &Call{Name: expr.Name, Args: args}
}

func reduceParenExpr(expr *ParenExpr, valuer Valuer) Expr {
	subexpr := reduce(expr.Expr, valuer)
	if subexpr, ok := subexpr.(*BinaryExpr); ok {
		return &ParenExpr{Expr: subexpr}
	}
	return subexpr
}

func reduceVarRef(expr *VarRef, valuer Valuer) Expr {
	// Ignore if there is no valuer.
	if valuer == nil {
		return &VarRef{Val: expr.Val, Type: expr.Type}
	}

	// Retrieve the value of the ref.
	// Ignore if the value doesn't exist.
	v, ok := valuer.Value(expr.Val)
	if !ok {
		return &VarRef{Val: expr.Val, Type: expr.Type}
	}

	// Return the value as a literal.
	switch v := v.(type) {
	case bool:
		return &BooleanLiteral{Val: v}
	case time.Duration:
		return &DurationLiteral{Val: v}
	case float64:
		return &NumberLiteral{Val: v}
	case string:
		return &StringLiteral{Val: v}
	case time.Time:
		return &TimeLiteral{Val: v}
	default:
		return &nilLiteral{}
	}
}

// Valuer is the interface that wraps the Value() method.
type Valuer interface {
	// Value returns the value and existence flag for a given key.
	Value(key string) (interface{}, bool)
}

// ZoneValuer is the interface that specifies the current time zone.
type ZoneValuer interface {
	// Zone returns the time zone location.
	Zone() *time.Location
}

// NowValuer returns only the value for "now()".
type NowValuer struct {
	Now      time.Time
	Location *time.Location
}

// Value is a method that returns the value and existence flag for a given key.
func (v *NowValuer) Value(key string) (interface{}, bool) {
	if key == "now()" {
		return v.Now, true
	}
	return nil, false
}

// Zone is a method that returns the time.Location.
func (v *NowValuer) Zone() *time.Location {
	if v.Location != nil {
		return v.Location
	}
	return time.UTC
}

// ContainsVarRef returns true if expr is a VarRef or contains one.
func ContainsVarRef(expr Expr) bool {
	var v containsVarRefVisitor
	Walk(&v, expr)
	return v.contains
}

type containsVarRefVisitor struct {
	contains bool
}

func (v *containsVarRefVisitor) Visit(n Node) Visitor {
	switch n.(type) {
	case *Call:
		return nil
	case *VarRef:
		v.contains = true
	}
	return v
}

func IsSelector(expr Expr) bool {
	if call, ok := expr.(*Call); ok {
		switch call.Name {
		case "first", "last", "min", "max", "percentile", "sample", "top", "bottom":
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}